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The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) independently add incremental value for predicting mortality and morbidity in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Medline(®), Embase™, AMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL were searched from 1989 to June 2012. We also searched reference lists of included articles, systematic reviews, and the gray literature. Studies were screened for eligibility criteria and assessed for risk of bias. Data were extracted on study design, population demographics, assay cutpoints, prognostic risk prediction model covariates, statistical methods, outcomes, and results. From 183 citations, only seven studies (5 BNP and 2 NT-proBNP) considered incremental value in ADHF subjects admitted to acute care centers. Admission assay levels and length of follow-up varied for BNP studies (31 days to 12 months) and for NT-proBNP studies (25-82 months). All studies presented at least one estimate of incremental value of BNP/NT-proBNP relative to the base prognostic model. Using discrimination or likelihood statistics, these studies consistently showed that BNP or NT-proBNP increased model performance. Three studies used reclassification and model validation computations to establish incremental value; these studies showed less consistency with respect to added value. In conclusion, the literature assessing incremental value of BNP/NT-proBNP in ADHF populations is limited to seven studies evaluating only mortality outcomes and at moderate risk of bias. Although there were differences in the base risk prediction models, assay cutpoints, and lengths of follow-up, there was consistency in BNP/NT-proBNP adding incremental value in prediction models in ADHF patients.
Background: Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet all the needs of the body. Symptoms of heart failure include breathlessness, fatigue and fluid retention. Outcomes for patients with heart failure are highly variable; however on average, these patients have a poor prognosis. Prognosis can be improved with early diagnosis and appropriate use of medical treatment, use of devices and transplantation. Patients with heart failure are high users of healthcare resources, not only due to drug and device treatments, but due to high costs of hospitalisation care. B-type natriuretic peptide levels are already used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure, but could offer to clinicians a possible tool to guide drug treatment. This could optimise drug management in heart failure patients whilst allaying concerns over potential side effects due to drug intolerance. Objectives: To assess whether treatment guided by serial BNP or NT-proBNP (collectively referred to as NP) monitoring improves outcomes compared with treatment guided by clinical assessment alone. Search methods: Searches were conducted up to 15 March 2016 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database in the Cochrane Library. Searches were also conducted in the Science Citation Index Expanded, the Conference Proceedings Citation Index on Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry and ClinicalTrials.gov. We applied no date or language restrictions. Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials of NP-guided treatment of heart failure versus treatment guided by clinical assessment alone with no restriction on follow-up. Adults treated for heart failure, in both in-hospital and out-of-hospital settings, and trials reporting a clinical outcome were included. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and evaluated risk of bias. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated for dichotomous data, and pooled mean differences (MD) (with 95% confidence intervals (CI)) were calculated for continuous data. We contacted trial authors to obtain missing data. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, we assessed the quality of the evidence and GRADE profiler (GRADEPRO) was used to import data from Review Manager to create a 'Summary of findings' table. Main results: We included 18 randomised controlled trials with 3660 participants (range of mean age: 57 to 80 years) comparing NP-guided treatment with clinical assessment alone. The evidence for all-cause mortality using NP-guided treatment showed uncertainty (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.01; patients = 3169; studies = 15; low quality of the evidence), and for heart failure mortality (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.30; patients = 853; studies = 6; low quality of evidence). The evidence suggested heart failure admission was reduced by NP-guided treatment (38% versus 26%, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.80; patients = 1928; studies = 10; low quality of evidence), but the evidence showed uncertainty for all-cause admission (57% versus 53%, RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.03; patients = 1142; studies = 6; low quality of evidence). Six studies reported on adverse events, however the results could not be pooled (patients = 1144; low quality of evidence). Only four studies provided cost of treatment results, three of these studies reported a lower cost for NP-guided treatment, whilst one reported a higher cost (results were not pooled; patients = 931, low quality of evidence). The evidence showed uncertainty for quality of life data (MD -0.03, 95% CI -1.18 to 1.13; patients = 1812; studies = 8; very low quality of evidence). We completed a 'Risk of bias' assessment for all studies. The impact of risk of bias from lack of blinding of outcome assessment and high attrition levels was examined by restricting analyses to only low 'Risk of bias' studies. Authors' conclusions: In patients with heart failure low-quality evidence showed a reduction in heart failure admission with NP-guided treatment while low-quality evidence showed uncertainty in the effect of NP-guided treatment for all-cause mortality, heart failure mortality, and all-cause admission. Uncertainty in the effect was further shown by very low-quality evidence for patient's quality of life. The evidence for adverse events and cost of treatment was low quality and we were unable to pool results.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) for detecting heart failure (HF). To determine whether BNP and NT-proBNP are independent predictors of mortality and morbidity in HF and whether they add to the predictive value of other markers. To ascertain whether treatment guided by BNP or NT-proBNP improves outcomes in HF compared with usual care. To assess the biological variation of BNP and NT-proBNP in HF and non-HF populations.
DATA SOURCES: Medline(®), Embase™, AMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL from 1989 to June 2012. Reference lists of included articles, systematic reviews, and gray literature were also searched.
REVIEW METHODS: Studies were evaluated for eligibility and quality, and data were extracted on study design, demographics, diagnostic test characteristics, predictor factors, interventions, outcomes, and test-performance results.
RESULTS: In emergency settings, BNP (51 studies) and NT-proBNP (39 studies) had high sensitivity and low specificity, and were useful for ruling out but less useful for ruling in HF. Similar results were shown in primary care settings for BNP (12 studies) and NT-proBNP (20 studies). The majority of studies assessing prognosis (183 studies) showed associations between BNP and NT-proBNP and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, morbidity, and composite outcomes across different time intervals in patients with decompensated and chronic stable HF. Most of these were early-phase predictor-finding studies rather than model-validation or impact studies. Incremental predictive value was assessed in decompensated acute HF (7 studies) and chronic HF (15 studies). Almost all studies showed that calibration and discrimination statistics confirmed the added incremental value of BNP and NT-proBNP. Fewer studies used reclassification and model validation computations to establish incremental value. In the general population (seven studies), an association exists between NT-proBNP and mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular, and sudden cardiac) and morbidity (HF and atrial fibrillation). Overall, therapy guided by BNP/NT-proBNP was shown to reduce all-cause mortality but was graded as low strength of evidence. Seven studies assessed biological variation. The difference in serial results was higher for BNP than NT-proBNP, and the index of individuality for BNP and NT-proBNP was very low.
CONCLUSIONS: BNP and NT-proBNP had good diagnostic performance for ruling out HF but were less accurate for ruling in HF. BNP and NT-proBNP had prognostic value in HF and the general population. Therapeutic value was inconclusive. Data on biological variation expressed the differences in results and individuality expected in patients, suggesting that serial measurements need to be interpreted carefully.
AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and clinical outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment in patients with severe refractory heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
METHODS AND RESULTS: The PD treatment was performed in 118 patients [49.2% New York Heart Association (NYHA) III and 50.8% NYHA IV] with a mean age of 73.2 ± 11.4 years as an in-centre-based and intermittent automated PD at least three times per week for 12 h per session and followed up for 1.11 ± 1.17 years. The functional status of those surviving for 6 months improved (P < 0.0001): 18 (32.1%) of all 60 patients with NYHA IV at baseline died within 6 months, 3 (5.4%) converted to NYHA III, 33 (58.9%) to NYHA II, and 2 (3.6%) to NYHA I. In all 58 patients with NYHA III at baseline, 14 (25.0%) died within 6 months, 27 (48.2%) converted to NYHA II, 12 (21.4%) to NYHA I, and 3 (5.4%) showed no improvement. In those surviving for 6 months, fluid overload was significantly reduced as body weight decreased, from 78.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 75.8-81.7] to 74.7 (71.5-77.9) after 6 months after multiple imputation (P < 0.001). The overall survival rates after 3, 6, and 12 months were 77% (95% CI 70-85), 71% (95% CI 62-79), and 55% (95% CI 45-64). In the multivariate analyses, age, diabetes mellitus, serum urea, and brain natriuretic peptide were significantly associated with mortality. The incidence of peritonitis and catheter dysfunction was 0.053 (95% CI 0.014-0.093) and 0.084 (95% CI 0.034-0.133), respectively.
CONCLUSION: The data suggest that PD is a safe, efficient, and well tolerated therapeutic tool for patients with refractory chronic HF and CKD.
All patients older than 65 years (184 men; mean age, 78+/-0.8 years/181 women; mean age, 82+/-0.6 years) seeking medical attention at the Lund University Hospital Emergency Clinic during a 2-year period who had an N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) value >2000 pg/mL were followed up for survival. Mortality in the entire population was 21% after 3 months, 35% after 1 year, and 40% after 2 years. Multivariate analysis indicated that the NT-proBNP level and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class were stronger predictors of mortality than were echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular ejection fraction or chest radiography. Patients who survived the first year were younger, had higher systolic blood pressure, had lower plasma creatinine, had lower inflammatory activity, and were treated with lower doses of furosemide. The results indicate that in this population, NT-proBNP level together with assessment of NYHA class gives the best prognostic information of 1-year mortality.
BACKGROUND: Longitudinal myocardial deformation indexes appear superior to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in assessing myocardial contractility. However, few studies have addressed the prognostic value of longitudinal motion markers (velocity, strain, and strain rate) in predicting outcome in heart failure patients.
METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 125 consecutive symptomatic heart failure patients (63+/-16 years, 77% male, LVEF=31+/-10%). All patients underwent a complete echocardiographic and clinical examination, and brain natriuretic peptide level was assessed in 93 patients. Longitudinal myocardial velocity by tissue Doppler imaging, global-epsilon, and strain rate by speckle tracking were computed from apical views (4-, 3-, and 2-chambers views) and compared with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events. On the whole, peak longitudinal velocity, global-epsilon, and strain rate averaged 5+/-2 cm/s (range, 1 to 9), -8+/-3% (range, -3 to -18), and -0.33+/-0.16 s(-1) (range, -0.83 to -0.05), respectively. During the follow-up period (266+/-177 days), major adverse cardiac events occurred in 47 (38%) patients (15 deaths, 29 recurrent heart failure, and 4 heart transplantations). By univariable analysis using Cox model global-epsilon, strain rate, and LVEF were associated with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events, whereas only global-epsilon remained independently predictive of outcome by multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: In the heart failure population, longitudinal global strain by speckle tracking is superior to LVEF and other longitudinal markers in identifying patients with poor outcome.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prognostic value of adiponectin in patients with acute destabilized heart failure.
DESIGN AND METHODS: Adiponectin was measured in 137 consecutive heart failure patients attending an emergency department. The endpoint was 1-year all-cause mortality.
RESULTS: In Cox proportional-hazards regression, an adiponectin plasma concentration>24.1 mg/L had a risk ratio of 2.46 (95% CI, 1.24-4.87), independently of classical risk factors and B-type natriuretic peptide.
CONCLUSIONS: Adiponectin predicts mortality in patients with acute destabilized heart failure.
100%Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
