The cross-cultural adaptation of the disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH): a systematic review.

A systematic review of cross-cultural adaptations of the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand into other languages was undertaken focusing on the translation and adaptation process, the problems during the translation process and proposed solutions. Nine articles were selected for analysis. All were written in English and addressed the qualitative issues of the cross-cultural adaptation process. The results demonstrated strong evidence that translation, adaptation and technical issues are most influential in the cross-cultural adaptation process. Awareness, understanding and incorporation of these issues will assist in future translations and adaptations of occupational therapy evaluation tools for use in other countries with different cultures. Implications for occupational therapy education, practice and research are discussed. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.