Rehabilitation for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of available evidence.

OBJECTIVE:

To systematically review the available evidence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacological rehabilitation interventions for people with Parkinson's disease, and identify future research needs.

DESIGN:

Electronic searches of four databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsychLIT) 1980-2002; examination of reference lists of relevant papers. Controlled trials and observational studies were included. Data extraction and quality assessment of papers by two independent reviewers. A narrative review.

SETTING:

Rehabilitation interventions delivered either in subjects' own homes, or in clinical settings as outpatients.

SUBJECTS:

Community-living adults with Parkinson's disease.

INTERVENTIONS:

Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, psychological counselling and support, and education.

MAIN MEASURES:

A range of outcomes: mobility, functional status, speech, swallowing, psychological well-being, as determined by the studies included in the review.

RESULTS:

Forty-four different studies (reported in 51 papers) were included (25 physiotherapy, 4 occupational therapy, 10 speech and language therapy, 3 psychological counselling, 1 educational, 1 multidisciplinary). All studies, except one, reported improvements on at least one outcome measure.

CONCLUSIONS:

Findings may reflect publication bias, but suggest interventions can affect patients' lives for the better in a variety of ways. It is difficult to interpret the clinical importance of statistically significant improvements reported in most studies. There is a need for methodologically more robust research with meaningful follow-up periods, designed in a manner that separates specific and nonspecific effects. Cost-effectiveness evidence is required to provide clear guidance on service extensions.