BACKGROUND: We update recommendations on 12 topics that were in the 9th edition of these guidelines, and address 3 new topics.
METHODS: We generate strong (Grade 1) and weak (Grade 2) recommendations based on high- (Grade A), moderate- (Grade B), and low- (Grade C) quality evidence.
RESULTS: For VTE and no cancer, as long-term anticoagulant therapy, we suggest dabigatran (Grade 2B), rivaroxaban (Grade 2B), apixaban (Grade 2B), or edoxaban (Grade 2B) over vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy, and suggest VKA therapy over low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; Grade 2C). For VTE and cancer, we suggest LMWH over VKA (Grade 2B), dabigatran (Grade 2C), rivaroxaban (Grade 2C), apixaban (Grade 2C), or edoxaban (Grade 2C). We have not changed recommendations for who should stop anticoagulation at 3 months or receive extended therapy. For VTE treated with anticoagulants, we recommend against an inferior vena cava filter (Grade 1B). For DVT, we suggest not using compression stockings routinely to prevent PTS (Grade 2B). For subsegmental pulmonary embolism and no proximal DVT, we suggest clinical surveillance over anticoagulation with a low risk of recurrent VTE (Grade 2C), and anticoagulation over clinical surveillance with a high risk (Grade 2C). We suggest thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism with hypotension (Grade 2B), and systemic therapy over catheter-directed thrombolysis (Grade 2C). For recurrent VTE on a non-LMWH anticoagulant, we suggest LMWH (Grade 2C); for recurrent VTE on LMWH, we suggest increasing the LMWH dose (Grade 2C).
CONCLUSIONS: Of 54 recommendations included in the 30 statements, 20 were strong and none was based on high-quality evidence, highlighting the need for further research.
Aiming to prevent thromboembolic events, bed rest was historically considered in the management of patient with deep vein thrombosis. Nevertheless early ambulation could have beneficial effects. Searching in Epistemonikos database, which is maintained by screening 30 databases, we identified seven systematic reviews including 10 randomized trials answering this question. We combined the evidence using meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table following the GRADE approach. We concluded early ambulation is probably effective in reducing deep vein thrombosis progression and improving limb pain, and might not increase the risk of thromboembolism.
BACKGROUND: Numerous, often multi-faceted regimens are available for treating complex wounds, yet the evidence of these interventions is recondite across the literature. We aimed to identify effective interventions to treat complex wounds through an overview of systematic reviews.
METHODS: MEDLINE (OVID interface, 1946 until October 26, 2012), EMBASE (OVID interface, 1947 until October 26, 2012), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 10 of 12, 2012) were searched on October 26, 2012. Systematic reviews that examined adults receiving care for their complex wounds were included. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, abstracted data, and assessed study quality using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool.
RESULTS: Overall, 99 systematic reviews were included after screening 6,200 titles and abstracts and 422 full-texts; 54 were systematic reviews with a meta-analysis (including data on over 54,000 patients) and 45 were systematic reviews without a meta-analysis. Overall, 44% of included reviews were rated as being of high quality (AMSTAR score ≥8). Based on data from systematic reviews including a meta-analysis with an AMSTAR score ≥8, promising interventions for complex wounds were identified. These included bandages or stockings (multi-layer, high compression) and wound cleansing for venous leg ulcers; four-layer bandages for mixed arterial/venous leg ulcers; biologics, ultrasound, and hydrogel dressings for diabetic leg/foot ulcers; hydrocolloid dressings, electrotherapy, air-fluidized beds, and alternate foam mattresses for pressure ulcers; and silver dressings and ultrasound for unspecified mixed complex wounds. For surgical wound infections, topical negative pressure and vacuum-assisted closure were promising interventions, but this was based on evidence from moderate to low quality systematic reviews.
CONCLUSIONS: Numerous interventions can be utilized for patients with varying types of complex wounds, yet few treatments were consistently effective across all outcomes throughout the literature. Clinicians and patients can use our results to tailor effective treatment according to type of complex wound. Network meta-analysis will be of benefit to decision-makers, as it will permit multiple treatment comparisons and ranking of the effectiveness of all interventions. Please see related article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0326-3.
CONTEXTE: Cet article porte sur le traitement de la maladie de TEV.
MÉTHODES: Nous avons généré une forte (Grade 1) et la faiblesse des recommandations (Grade 2) Sur la base (Grade A), (Grade B), et les preuves de haute qualité de qualité moyenne à faible qualité (grade C).
RÉSULTATS: Pour thrombose veineuse profonde aiguë ou d'embolie pulmonaire (EP), nous recommandons un traitement initial de l'anticoagulant par voie parentérale (Grade 1B) ou anticoagulation par rivaroxaban. Nous suggérons héparine de bas poids moléculaire (HBPM) ou le fondaparinux sur IV héparine non fractionnée (Grade 2C) ou sous-cutanée d'héparine non fractionnée (Grade 2B). Nous suggérons un traitement thrombolytique pour PE avec hypotension (Grade 2C). Pour TVP proximale ou une EP, nous recommandons un traitement de 3 mois sur des périodes plus courtes (Grade 1B). Pour une première thrombose veineuse profonde proximale ou EP qui est provoquée par une chirurgie ou par un facteur de risque transitoire non chirurgicale, nous recommandons 3 mois de traitement (1b année; Grade 2B si provoquée par un facteur de risque non chirurgicale et le risque faible ou modéré saignements), qui est sans provocation , nous vous proposons un traitement prolongé si le risque de saignement est faible ou modérée (Grade 2B) et nous recommandons 3 mois de traitement si le risque de saignement est élevé (Grade 1B), et qui est associée à un cancer actif, nous recommandons un traitement prolongé (Grade 1B, 2B grade en cas de risque élevé de saignement) et de proposer des HBPM sur les antagonistes de la vitamine K (Grade 2B). Nous suggérons des antagonistes de la vitamine K ou HBPM sur dabigatran ou rivaroxaban (Grade 2B.) Nous suggérons des bas de contention pour éviter le syndrome post-thrombotique (Grade 2B). Pour une thrombose veineuse superficielle, nous vous suggérons fondaparinux prophylactique à dose unique ou HBPM plus aucune anticoagulation (Grade 2B), et suggérons fondaparinux sur HBPM (Niveau 2C).
CONCLUSION: Des recommandations fortes s'appliquent à la plupart des patients, alors que les recommandations faibles sont sensibles aux différences entre les patients, y compris leurs préférences.
INTRODUCTION: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism may occur in almost 2 in 1000 people each year, with up to 25% of those having a recurrence. Around 5% to 15% of people with untreated DVT may die from pulmonary embolism. Risk factors for DVT include immobility, surgery (particularly orthopaedic), malignancy, pregnancy, older age, and inherited or acquired prothrombotic clotting disorders.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES: We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments for proximal DVT? What are the effects of treatments for isolated calf DVT? What are the effects of treatments for pulmonary embolism? What are the effects of interventions on oral anticoagulation management in people with thromboembolism? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS: We found 45 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: anticoagulation; compression stockings; low molecular weight heparin (short and long term, once or twice daily, and home treatment); oral anticoagulants (short and long term, high intensity, abrupt discontinuation, and computerised decision support); prolonged duration of anticoagulation; thrombolysis; vena cava filters; and warfarin.
BACKGROUND: New treatments are available for treatment of venous thromboembolism. PURPOSE: To review the evidence on the efficacy of interventions for treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, MICROMEDEX, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the 1950s through June 2006. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, controlled trials; systematic reviews of trials; and observational studies; all restricted to English-language articles. DATA EXTRACTION: Paired reviewers assessed study quality and abstracted data. The authors pooled results about optimal duration of anticoagulation. DATA SYNTHESIS: This review includes 101 articles. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is modestly superior to unfractionated heparin at preventing recurrent DVT and is at least as effective as unfractionated heparin for treatment of pulmonary embolism. Outpatient treatment of venous thromboembolism is likely to be effective and safe in carefully chosen patients, with appropriate services available. Inpatient or outpatient use of LMWH is cost-saving or cost-effective compared with unfractionated heparin. In observational studies, catheter-directed thrombolysis safely restored vein patency in select patients. Moderately strong evidence supports early use of compression stockings to reduce postthrombotic syndrome. Limited evidence suggests that vena cava filters are only modestly efficacious for prevention of pulmonary embolism. Conventional-intensity oral anticoagulation beyond 12 months may be optimal for patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism, although patients with transient risk factors benefit little from more than 3 months of therapy. High-quality trials support use of LMWH in place of oral anticoagulation, particularly in patients with cancer. Little evidence is available to guide treatment of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. LIMITATIONS: The authors could not address all management questions, and excluded non-English-language literature. CONCLUSIONS: The strength of evidence varies across the study questions but generally is strong.
We update recommendations on 12 topics that were in the 9th edition of these guidelines, and address 3 new topics.
METHODS:
We generate strong (Grade 1) and weak (Grade 2) recommendations based on high- (Grade A), moderate- (Grade B), and low- (Grade C) quality evidence.
RESULTS:
For VTE and no cancer, as long-term anticoagulant therapy, we suggest dabigatran (Grade 2B), rivaroxaban (Grade 2B), apixaban (Grade 2B), or edoxaban (Grade 2B) over vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy, and suggest VKA therapy over low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; Grade 2C). For VTE and cancer, we suggest LMWH over VKA (Grade 2B), dabigatran (Grade 2C), rivaroxaban (Grade 2C), apixaban (Grade 2C), or edoxaban (Grade 2C). We have not changed recommendations for who should stop anticoagulation at 3 months or receive extended therapy. For VTE treated with anticoagulants, we recommend against an inferior vena cava filter (Grade 1B). For DVT, we suggest not using compression stockings routinely to prevent PTS (Grade 2B). For subsegmental pulmonary embolism and no proximal DVT, we suggest clinical surveillance over anticoagulation with a low risk of recurrent VTE (Grade 2C), and anticoagulation over clinical surveillance with a high risk (Grade 2C). We suggest thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism with hypotension (Grade 2B), and systemic therapy over catheter-directed thrombolysis (Grade 2C). For recurrent VTE on a non-LMWH anticoagulant, we suggest LMWH (Grade 2C); for recurrent VTE on LMWH, we suggest increasing the LMWH dose (Grade 2C).
CONCLUSIONS:
Of 54 recommendations included in the 30 statements, 20 were strong and none was based on high-quality evidence, highlighting the need for further research.
