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Aspirin Use for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Auteurs » Chubak J , Kamineni A , Buist DSM , Anderson ML , Whitlock EP

Livre » U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews

Year » 2015

Liens » Pubmed

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BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women in the United States (U.S.). Aspirin may inhibit CRC development and related mortality. PURPOSE: We conducted this systematic evidence review on aspirin use for the prevention of CRC to support the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in updating its previous recommendation. Our review addressed four key questions in adults without a history of CRC, familial adenomatous polyposis, or Lynch Syndrome: 1) Does regular aspirin use reduce CRC mortality or all-cause mortality? 2) Does regular aspirin use reduce the incidence of CRC? 3) Does regular aspirin use reduce the incidence of colorectal adenoma? 4) What are the harms of regular aspirin use for the prevention of colorectal cancer? DATA SOURCES: We performed a search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials for studies published from January 2004 through May 2014. We supplemented searches by examining bibliographies from previous systematic reviews, retrieved articles, and the previous USPSTF review. We searched federal agency trial registries for ongoing and/or unpublished trials. STUDY SELECTION: We conducted a dual review of 865 abstracts against prespecified inclusion criteria. We retrieved 149 potentially relevant articles, which two reviewers independently evaluated using well-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria and critically appraised for risk of bias. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: For all fair-quality and good-quality studies, a single investigator extracted study characteristics and outcomes into structured tables and a second investigator verified accuracy. Elements abstracted for each study included study design, population characteristics, sample sizes, exposures, outcomes, and measures of association. We created summary evidence tables to capture key study characteristics and sources of heterogeneity. In addition to the overall results for each included study, we also presented results by dose, duration, latency, and adenoma history where possible. We used forest plots stratified by potentially important exposure and study characteristics to visually identify patterns in the study results and help determine if pooling across studies was appropriate. We used the Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects model to estimate the combined effect and confidence interval; for very rare events (incidence less than one percent), we calculated the Peto odds ratio. RESULTS: Daily or alternate-day aspirin at ≥75 mg was associated with a small reduction in all-cause mortality risk in the first 10 years after randomization (summary relative risk, RR, 0.94, [95% confidence interval, CI, 0.89 to 0.99]) in 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among persons in the general population (i.e., selected without considering their adenoma history). Over a 20+ year period, aspirin appeared to reduce the risk of CRC mortality by approximately 33%. However, long-term data on CRC mortality may have limited applicability, particularly from the perspective of a low-dose aspirin benefits in a primary CVD population addressing women as well as men. Two of four trials were in those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and two involved dosages of 500 mg or greater daily, with no longer-term mortality results available for alternate-day regimens. Data on mortality among persons with a prior colorectal adenoma were also sparse. Six RCTs of aspirin for primary and secondary CVD prevention provided data on the effect of regular aspirin use on invasive CRC incidence in the general population. In this population, aspirin had no effect on CRC incidence in the first 10 years following randomization, but reduced CRC incidence by approximately 40 percent after a latency of 10 years (summary RR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.47 to 0.76]). Over a 20+ year period, aspirin appeared to reduce the risk of CRC incidence by approximately 20 to 24%. Data on aspirin use and CRC incidence in persons with a prior adenoma were limited and represented only short-term followup (fewer than 5 years) and could not, therefore, provide sufficient information on the effect of aspirin use on CRC incidence. In persons with a prior adenoma, data were conflicting, but there was some suggestion of a decreased risk of adenoma incidence over a 3- to 4- year period. Data on aspirin and adenoma risk in the general population were sparse. Data from RCTs suggested that aspirin increased the risk of serious gastrointestinal bleeding (summary OR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.44 to 2.62]), intracranial bleeding (summary OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.21 to 1.93]), and hemorrhagic stroke (summary OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.16 to 1.88]), but not fatal gastrointestinal bleeding (summary OR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.43 to 2.36]). LIMITATIONS: Limited data were available to address differences in possible effects of aspirin in subgroups (e.g., age, sex, race) or to compare daily vs. alternate-day aspirin use. Long-term followup data were not identified for persons with a history of adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin appears to reduce the risk of CRC incidence after an induction and latency period of approximately 10 years, with a similar effect on CRC mortality. The applicability of data for long-term effects of low-dose aspirin on CRC mortality, however, is limited, particularly in the context of a population selected for primary CVD prevention. Aspirin does not appear to have a strong effect on all-cause mortality within 10 years of initiating use, and data on long-term cumulative risk of all-cause mortality were sparse.

Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: A systematic review and overview of reviews

Auteurs » Sutcliffe P , Connock M , Gurung T , Freeman K , Johnson S , Kandala NB , Grove A , Gurung B , Morrow S , Clarke A

Journal » Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)

Year » 2013

Liens » Pubmed Health Technology Assessment (HTA) DOI PubMed Central http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/82748/FullReport-hta17430.pdf

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Background: Prophylactic aspirin has been considered to be beneficial in reducing the risks of heart disease and cancer. However, potential benefits must be balanced against the possible harm from side effects, such as bleeding and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. It is particularly important to know the risk of side effects when aspirin is used as primary prevention - that is when used by people as yet free of, but at risk of developing, cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancer. In this report we aim to identify and re-analyse randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and meta-analyses to summarise the current scientific evidence with a focus on possible harms of prophylactic aspirin in primary prevention of CVD and cancer. Objectives: To identify RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs of the prophylactic use of aspirin in primary prevention of CVD or cancer. To undertake a quality assessment of identified systematic reviews and meta-analyses using meta-analysis to investigate study-level effects on estimates of benefits and risks of adverse events; cumulative meta-analysis; exploratory multivariable meta-regression; and to quantify relative and absolute risks and benefits. Methods: We identified RCTs, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, and searched electronic bibliographic databases (from 2008 September 2012) including MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and Science Citation Index. We limited searches to publications since 2008, based on timing of the most recent comprehensive systematic reviews. Results: In total, 2572 potentially relevant papers were identified and 27 met the inclusion criteria. Benefits of aspirin ranged from 6% reduction in relative risk (RR) for all-cause mortality [RR 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 1.00] and 10% reduction in major cardiovascular events (MCEs) (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96) to a reduction in total coronary heart disease (CHD) of 15% (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.06). Reported pooled odds ratios (ORs) for total cancer mortality ranged between 0.76 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.88) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.03). Inclusion of the Women's Health Study changed the estimated OR to 0.82 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.97). Aspirin reduced reported colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.02). However, including studies in which aspirin was given every other day raised the OR to 0.91 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.11). Reported cancer benefits appeared approximately 5 years from start of treatment. Calculation of absolute effects per 100,000 patient-years of follow-up showed reductions ranging from 33 to 46 deaths (all-cause mortality), 60-84 MCEs and 47-64 incidents of CHD and a possible avoidance of 34 deaths from CRC. Reported increased RRs of adverse events from aspirin use were 37% for GI bleeding (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.62), between 54% (RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.82) and 62% (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.00) for major bleeds, and between 32% (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.74) and 38% (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.82) for haemorrhagic stroke. Pooled estimates of increased RR for bleeding remained stable across trials conducted over several decades. Estimates of absolute rates of harm from aspirin use, per 100,000 patient-years of follow-up, were 99-178 for non-trivial bleeds, 46-49 for major bleeds, 68-117 for GI bleeds and 8-10 for haemorrhagic stroke. Meta-analyses aimed at judging risk of bleed according to sex and in individuals with diabetes were insufficiently powered for firm conclusions to be drawn. Limitations: Searches were date limited to 2008 because of the intense interest that this subject has generated and the cataloguing of all primary research in so many previous systematic reviews. A further limitation was our potential over-reliance on study-level systematic reviews in which the person-years of follow-up were not accurately ascertainable. However, estimates of number of events averted or incurred through aspirin use calculated from data in study-level meta-analyses did not differ substantially from estimates based on individual patient data-level meta-analyses, for which person-years of follow-up were more accurate (although based on less-than-complete assemblies of currently available primary studies). Conclusions: We have found that there is a fine balance between benefits and risks from regular aspirin use in primary prevention of CVD. Effects on cancer prevention have a long lead time and are at present reliant on post hoc analyses. All absolute effects are relatively small compared with the burden of these diseases. Several potentially relevant ongoing trials will be completed between 2013 and 2019, which may clarify the extent of benefit of aspirin in reducing cancer incidence and mortality. Future research considerations include expanding the use of IPD meta-analysis of RCTs by pooling data from available studies and investigating the impact of different dose regimens on cardiovascular and cancer outcomes. Funding: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme. © Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO 2013.

BACKGROUND:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women in the United States (U.S.). Aspirin may inhibit CRC development and related mortality.

PURPOSE:

We conducted this systematic evidence review on aspirin use for the prevention of CRC to support the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in updating its previous recommendation. Our review addressed four key questions in adults without a history of CRC, familial adenomatous polyposis, or Lynch Syndrome: 1) Does regular aspirin use reduce CRC mortality or all-cause mortality? 2) Does regular aspirin use reduce the incidence of CRC? 3) Does regular aspirin use reduce the incidence of colorectal adenoma? 4) What are the harms of regular aspirin use for the prevention of colorectal cancer?

DATA SOURCES:

We performed a search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Controlled Trials for studies published from January 2004 through May 2014. We supplemented searches by examining bibliographies from previous systematic reviews, retrieved articles, and the previous USPSTF review. We searched federal agency trial registries for ongoing and/or unpublished trials.

STUDY SELECTION:

We conducted a dual review of 865 abstracts against prespecified inclusion criteria. We retrieved 149 potentially relevant articles, which two reviewers independently evaluated using well-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria and critically appraised for risk of bias. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer.

DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS:

For all fair-quality and good-quality studies, a single investigator extracted study characteristics and outcomes into structured tables and a second investigator verified accuracy. Elements abstracted for each study included study design, population characteristics, sample sizes, exposures, outcomes, and measures of association. We created summary evidence tables to capture key study characteristics and sources of heterogeneity. In addition to the overall results for each included study, we also presented results by dose, duration, latency, and adenoma history where possible. We used forest plots stratified by potentially important exposure and study characteristics to visually identify patterns in the study results and help determine if pooling across studies was appropriate. We used the Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects model to estimate the combined effect and confidence interval; for very rare events (incidence less than one percent), we calculated the Peto odds ratio.

RESULTS:

Daily or alternate-day aspirin at ≥75 mg was associated with a small reduction in all-cause mortality risk in the first 10 years after randomization (summary relative risk, RR, 0.94, [95% confidence interval, CI, 0.89 to 0.99]) in 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among persons in the general population (i.e., selected without considering their adenoma history). Over a 20+ year period, aspirin appeared to reduce the risk of CRC mortality by approximately 33%. However, long-term data on CRC mortality may have limited applicability, particularly from the perspective of a low-dose aspirin benefits in a primary CVD population addressing women as well as men. Two of four trials were in those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and two involved dosages of 500 mg or greater daily, with no longer-term mortality results available for alternate-day regimens. Data on mortality among persons with a prior colorectal adenoma were also sparse. Six RCTs of aspirin for primary and secondary CVD prevention provided data on the effect of regular aspirin use on invasive CRC incidence in the general population. In this population, aspirin had no effect on CRC incidence in the first 10 years following randomization, but reduced CRC incidence by approximately 40 percent after a latency of 10 years (summary RR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.47 to 0.76]). Over a 20+ year period, aspirin appeared to reduce the risk of CRC incidence by approximately 20 to 24%. Data on aspirin use and CRC incidence in persons with a prior adenoma were limited and represented only short-term followup (fewer than 5 years) and could not, therefore, provide sufficient information on the effect of aspirin use on CRC incidence. In persons with a prior adenoma, data were conflicting, but there was some suggestion of a decreased risk of adenoma incidence over a 3- to 4- year period. Data on aspirin and adenoma risk in the general population were sparse. Data from RCTs suggested that aspirin increased the risk of serious gastrointestinal bleeding (summary OR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.44 to 2.62]), intracranial bleeding (summary OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.21 to 1.93]), and hemorrhagic stroke (summary OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.16 to 1.88]), but not fatal gastrointestinal bleeding (summary OR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.43 to 2.36]).

LIMITATIONS:

Limited data were available to address differences in possible effects of aspirin in subgroups (e.g., age, sex, race) or to compare daily vs. alternate-day aspirin use. Long-term followup data were not identified for persons with a history of adenoma.

CONCLUSIONS:

Aspirin appears to reduce the risk of CRC incidence after an induction and latency period of approximately 10 years, with a similar effect on CRC mortality. The applicability of data for long-term effects of low-dose aspirin on CRC mortality, however, is limited, particularly in the context of a population selected for primary CVD prevention. Aspirin does not appear to have a strong effect on all-cause mortality within 10 years of initiating use, and data on long-term cumulative risk of all-cause mortality were sparse.

Broad Syntheses including this primary study