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A unique feature of Epistemonikos is that it connects systematic reviews and their included studies. This allows clustering systematic reviews based on the primary studies they have in common. The concept of 'systematic reviews sharing included studies' is a proxy of 'systematic reviews answering a similar question'.

A matrix of evidence is a tabular way of displaying the cluster of systematic reviews that share included studies, and all the studies included in these reviews. It is automatically created based on the connections of the database, and can be trimmed by the user in order to reflect an accurate body of evidence for a specific question.

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45 References (34 Primary studies) Studify 100%Essai contrôlé randomisé (ECR)
Vítovec M2009Harenberg J2006Agnelli G2003Buller HR2007Schulman S2003Siragusa S2008Hull RD2006Schulman S1985Holmgren K1986Ridker PM2003O'Sullivan EF1973Eischer L2009Couturaud F2015Palareti G2006Schulman S2013Schulman S1995Campbell IA2007Kearon C2004Agnelli G2013Levine MN1996Belcaro G1993Fennerty AG1987Pinede L2001RCBTS1992Lagerstedt CI1985Schulman S1997Romualdi E2011Agnelli G2001Brighton TA2012Becattini C2012Kearon C1999P. Ridker, S. G..2003Levine MN, Hirs..1993Farraj RS2004Prandoni P2009Brighton T2012Couturaud F2008Couturaud F2015ACTRN1260500000..2005University Of P..2004ACTRN1261100068..2011University Hosp..2007Becattini C2011University Hosp..2007Weitz JI2017
23 Systematic reviews
Rollins BM2014Gómez-Outes A2015Cundiff DK2008Simes J2014Streiff MB2006Sindet-Pedersen..2015Middeldorp S2014Marik PE2015Pinede L2000Sobieraj DM2015Ost D2005Castellucci LA2014Bova C2016Cohen AT2016Castellucci LA2013Sardar P2013Kakkos SK2014Alotaibi G2014Holley AB2010Mai V2019Robertson L2017Djulbegovic M2020Wang KL2019
10 References ( articles) loading Revert Studify

Systematic review

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of a first recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) event after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment in patients with a first episode of unprovoked VTE, and the cumulative incidence for recurrent VTE up to 10 years. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (from inception to 15 March 2019). STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies reporting symptomatic recurrent VTE after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment in patients with a first unprovoked VTE event who had completed at least three months of treatment. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two investigators independently screened studies, extracted data, and appraised risk of bias. Data clarifications were sought from authors of eligible studies. Recurrent VTE events and person years of follow-up after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment were used to calculate rates for individual studies, and data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Sex and site of initial VTE were investigated as potential sources of between study heterogeneity. RESULTS: 18 studies involving 7515 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled rate of recurrent VTE per 100 person years after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment was 10.3 events (95% confidence interval 8.6 to 12.1) in the first year, 6.3 (5.1 to 7.7) in the second year, 3.8 events/year (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 4.5) in years 3-5, and 3.1 events/year (1.7 to 4.9) in years 6-10. The cumulative incidence for recurrent VTE was 16% (95% confidence interval 13% to 19%) at 2 years, 25% (21% to 29%) at 5 years, and 36% (28% to 45%) at 10 years. The pooled rate of recurrent VTE per 100 person years in the first year was 11.9 events (9.6 to 14.4) for men and 8.9 events (6.8 to 11.3) for women, with a cumulative incidence for recurrent VTE of 41% (28% to 56%) and 29% (20% to 38%), respectively, at 10 years. Compared to patients with isolated pulmonary embolism, the rate of recurrent VTE was higher in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis (rate ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 1.7) and in patients with pulmonary embolism plus deep vein thrombosis (1.5, 1.1 to 1.9). In patients with distal deep vein thrombosis, the pooled rate of recurrent VTE per 100 person years was 1.9 events (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 4.3) in the first year after anticoagulation had stopped. The case fatality rate for recurrent VTE was 4% (95% confidence interval 2% to 6%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a first episode of unprovoked VTE who completed at least three months of anticoagulant treatment, the risk of recurrent VTE was 10% in the first year after treatment, 16% at two years, 25% at five years, and 36% at 10 years, with 4% of recurrent VTE events resulting in death. These estimates should inform clinical practice guidelines, enhance confidence in counselling patients of their prognosis, and help guide decision making about long term management of unprovoked VTE. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42017056309.

Primary study

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CONTEXTE: Le rivaroxaban, un inhibiteur oral du facteur Xa, peut fournir un moyen simple, à dose fixe pour le traitement aigu régime de la thrombose veineuse profonde (TVP) et d'un traitement continu, sans la nécessité d'une surveillance en laboratoire. MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une étude ouverte, randomisée, event-driven étude de non-infériorité, que par rapport rivaroxaban par voie orale seule (15 mg deux fois par jour pendant 3 semaines, puis 20 mg une fois par jour) avec énoxaparine sous-cutanée suivie d'un antagoniste de la vitamine K (soit la warfarine ou acénocoumarol) pendant 3, 6 ou 12 mois chez les patients en phase aiguë, thrombose veineuse profonde symptomatique. En parallèle, nous avons mené une double-aveugle, randomisée, étude de supériorité event-driven qui a comparé le rivaroxaban seul (20 mg une fois par jour) à un placebo pendant 6 ou 12 mois supplémentaires chez les patients ayant terminé 6 à 12 mois de traitement pour veineux thrombo-embolie. Le critère principal d'efficacité pour les deux études était la thromboembolie veineuse récurrente. Le résultat principal de sécurité était saignements majeurs ou des saignements cliniquement pertinente nonmajor dans l'étude initiale de traitement et les saignements majeurs dans l'étude de la poursuite du traitement-. RÉSULTATS: L'étude du rivaroxaban pour la TVP aiguë inclus 3449 patients: 1731 rivaroxaban donnée et 1718 énoxaparine donné plus un antagoniste de la vitamine K. Le rivaroxaban a une efficacité non inférieure par rapport à l'issue primaire (36 événements [2,1%], contre 51 événements avec l'énoxaparine, anti-vitamine K [3,0%]; hazard ratio: 0,68; intervalle de confiance 95% [IC]: 0,44 à 1,04; P <0,001). Le résultat principal de sécurité s'est produite chez 8,1% des patients dans chaque groupe. Dans l'étude de la poursuite du traitement, qui comprenait 602 patients dans le groupe rivaroxaban et 594 dans le groupe placebo, le rivaroxaban a eu une efficacité supérieure (8 événements [1,3%], contre 42 avec le placebo [7,1%]; hazard ratio: 0,18; 95 % IC, 0,09 à 0,39, P <0,001). Quatre patients dans le groupe rivaroxaban eu des saignements majeurs non fatals (0,7%), contre aucun dans le groupe placebo (P = 0,11). CONCLUSIONS: Le rivaroxaban offre une solution simple, un seul médicament approche pour le traitement à court terme et la poursuite de la thrombose veineuse qui peut améliorer le profil bénéfice-risque du traitement anticoagulant. (Financé par Bayer Schering Pharma et Ortho-McNeil;. Numéros ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00440193 NCT00439725 et).

Primary study

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BACKGROUND: Although many patients with venous thromboembolism require extended treatment, it is uncertain whether it is better to use full- or lower-intensity anticoagulation therapy or aspirin. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study, we assigned 3396 patients with venous thromboembolism to receive either once-daily rivaroxaban (at doses of 20 mg or 10 mg) or 100 mg of aspirin. All the study patients had completed 6 to 12 months of anticoagulation therapy and were in equipoise regarding the need for continued anticoagulation. Study drugs were administered for up to 12 months. The primary efficacy outcome was symptomatic recurrent fatal or nonfatal venous thromboembolism, and the principal safety outcome was major bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 3365 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analyses (median treatment duration, 351 days). The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 17 of 1107 patients (1.5%) receiving 20 mg of rivaroxaban and in 13 of 1127 patients (1.2%) receiving 10 mg of rivaroxaban, as compared with 50 of 1131 patients (4.4%) receiving aspirin (hazard ratio for 20 mg of rivaroxaban vs. aspirin, 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20 to 0.59; hazard ratio for 10 mg of rivaroxaban vs. aspirin, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.47; P<0.001 for both comparisons). Rates of major bleeding were 0.5% in the group receiving 20 mg of rivaroxaban, 0.4% in the group receiving 10 mg of rivaroxaban, and 0.3% in the aspirin group; the rates of clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding were 2.7%, 2.0%, and 1.8%, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with venous thromboembolism in equipoise for continued anticoagulation, the risk of a recurrent event was significantly lower with rivaroxaban at either a treatment dose (20 mg) or a prophylactic dose (10 mg) than with aspirin, without a significant increase in bleeding rates. (Funded by Bayer Pharmaceuticals; EINSTEIN CHOICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02064439 .).

Primary study

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BACKGROUND: Although many patients with venous thromboembolism require extended treatment, it is uncertain whether it is better to use full- or lower-intensity anticoagulation therapy or aspirin. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study, we assigned 3396 patients with venous thromboembolism to receive either once-daily rivaroxaban (at doses of 20 mg or 10 mg) or 100 mg of aspirin. All the study patients had completed 6 to 12 months of anticoagulation therapy and were in equipoise regarding the need for continued anticoagulation. Study drugs were administered for up to 12 months. The primary efficacy outcome was symptomatic recurrent fatal or nonfatal venous thromboembolism, and the principal safety outcome was major bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 3365 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analyses (median treatment duration, 351 days). The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 17 of 1107 patients (1.5%) receiving 20 mg of rivaroxaban and in 13 of 1127 patients (1.2%) receiving 10 mg of rivaroxaban, as compared with 50 of 1131 patients (4.4%) receiving aspirin (hazard ratio for 20 mg of rivaroxaban vs. aspirin, 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20 to 0.59; hazard ratio for 10 mg of rivaroxaban vs. aspirin, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.47; P<0.001 for both comparisons). Rates of major bleeding were 0.5% in the group receiving 20 mg of rivaroxaban, 0.4% in the group receiving 10 mg of rivaroxaban, and 0.3% in the aspirin group; the rates of clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding were 2.7%, 2.0%, and 1.8%, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was similar in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with venous thromboembolism in equipoise for continued anticoagulation, the risk of a recurrent event was significantly lower with rivaroxaban at either a treatment dose (20 mg) or a prophylactic dose (10 mg) than with aspirin, without a significant increase in bleeding rates. (Funded by Bayer Pharmaceuticals; EINSTEIN CHOICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02064439 .).

Primary study

Unclassified

Auteurs Bayer
Registry of Trials clinicaltrials.gov
Year 2014
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This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, event-driven, superiority study for efficacy. Patients with confirmed symptomatic DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) or PE (Pulmonary embolism) who completed 6 or 12 months of treatment of anticoagulation are eligible for this trial

Primary study

Unclassified

Journal The Lancet. Haematology
Year 2016
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BACKGROUND: There are few data on the relative efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants, such as edoxaban, compared with vitamin K antagonists during extended therapy for venous thromboembolism. This analysis evaluates the risk-benefit of extended treatment for up to 12 months with edoxaban compared with warfarin among patients enrolled in the Hokusai-VTE study who continued therapy beyond 3 months. METHODS: The Hokusai-VTE trial (NCT00986154) was a randomised, double-blind, event driven non-inferiority trial in 8292 patients comparing edoxaban with warfarin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism. All patients were treated for at least 3 months and treatment was continued for up to 12 months. The outcomes at 12 months were documented in all patients irrespective of treatment duration. 3633 patients treated with edoxaban and 3594 treated with warfarin who completed 3 months of treatment were eligible for this analysis. The primary efficacy outcome was the incidence of adjudicated symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism evaluated for each of the time intervals of 3 months, greater than 3 months to 6 months, greater than 6 months to less than 12 months, and at 12 months, as well as the cumulative incidence occurring between 3 and 12 months. The principal safety outcome was the incidence of clinically relevant bleeding (composite of major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding). Both on-treatment and intention-to-treat analyses were done. FINDINGS: In the on-treatment analysis, the incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism at 3 months was 1·1% (0·8-1·4; 44 of 4118 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group versus 1·2% (0·9-1·6; 51 of 4122) in the warfarin-treated group; between greater than 3 months and 6 months, 0·7% (0·3-1·5; eight of 1076) versus 0·5% (0·2-1·1; five of 1084); between greater than 6 months and less than 12 months, 0·2% (0·0-0·8; two of 896) versus 0·8% (0·03-1·7; seven of 851); and at 12 months, <0·1% (0·0-0·3; one of 1661) versus 0·1% (0·0-0·4; two of 1659). In the on-treatment analysis, the cumulative incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism between 3 and 12 months was 0·3% (95% CI 0·2-1·5; 11 of 3633 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group and 0·4% (0·2-1·7; 14 of 3594) in the warfarin-treated group (HR 0·78, 95% CI 0·36-1·72). The cumulative incidence of clinically relevant bleeding (major or non-major) between 3 and 12 months was 3·9% (95% CI 3·3-4·6; 143 of 3633 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group and 4·1% (3·5-4·8; 147 of 3594 patients) in the warfarin-treated group (HR 0·97, 95% CI 0·77-1·22); cumulative incidence of major bleeding was 0·3% (95% CI 0·2-0·5; 11 of 3633 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group and 0·7% (0·4-1·0; 24 of 3594 patients) in the warfarin-treated group (HR 0·45, 95% CI 0·22-0·92). Similar results were obtained in the intention-to-treat analysis. INTERPRETATION: Extended treatment with edoxaban is effective and associated with less major bleeding than warfarin. Edoxaban once daily provides an attractive alternative to warfarin for patients with venous thromboembolism who require extended treatment for prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. FUNDING: Daiichi Sankyo.

Primary study

Unclassified

Journal The New England journal of medicine
Year 2003
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CONTEXTE: La warfarine est très efficace dans la prévention de la thromboembolie veineuse récurrente, mais est également associée à un risque important d'hémorragie. Après trois mois de traitement à la warfarine classique, une plus faible dose de médicament anticoagulant peut entraîner moins de saignements et encore prévenir la thromboembolie veineuse récurrente. MÉTHODES: Nous avons mené une étude randomisée, en double aveugle, dans laquelle 738 patients qui avaient complété trois mois ou plus de traitement à la warfarine pour la thromboembolie veineuse non provoquée ont été assignés au hasard à poursuivre le traitement de la warfarine avec un objectif de ratio international normalisé (RIN) de 2,0 à 3,0 (intensité conventionnelle) ou un INR cible de 1,5 à 1,9 (faible intensité). Les patients ont été suivis pendant une moyenne de 2,4 ans. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les 369 patients assignés au traitement de faible intensité, 16 avaient la maladie thromboembolique veineuse récidivante (1,9 pour 100 années-personnes), comparativement à 6 de 369 attribué à la thérapie conventionnelle intensité (0,7 pour 100 années-personnes; hazard ratio, 2,8 intervalle de confiance 95 pour cent, de 1,1 à 7,0). Un épisode hémorragique majeur survenue chez neuf patients affectés au traitement de faible intensité (1,1 cas par 100 années-personnes) et huit patients assignés au traitement conventionnel d'intensité (0,9 cas par 100 années-personnes; hazard ratio, 1,2; intervalle de confiance 95 pour cent , 0,4 à 3,0). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans la fréquence globale de saignements entre les deux groupes (hazard ratio, 1,3; intervalle de confiance 95 pour cent, 0,8 à 2,1). CONCLUSIONS: conventionnel d'intensité de la warfarine est plus efficace que la warfarine à faible intensité de la prévention à long terme de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse récidivante. Le régime de faible intensité de warfarine ne réduit pas le risque de saignement cliniquement important.

Primary study

Unclassified

Journal European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery
Year 2005
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OBJECTIFS: Evaluation de l'efficacité et la sécurité de l'héparine de bas poids moléculaire (HBPM) par rapport à l'héparine non fractionnée tinzaparine (HNF) suivie par acénocoumarol dans la thrombose veineuse proximale profonde (TVP). SCHÉMA: Etude prospective, essai clinique randomisé. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: patients consécutifs (n = 108) souffrant de TVP aiguë jambe, confirmée par duplex, ont été randomisés pour recevoir soit la tinzaparine seul ou HNF et l'acénocoumarol pour 6 mois. Les patients ont été évalués par échographie à l'entrée, 1, 3, 6 et 12 mois. La régression du thrombus, la distribution de reflux et l'incidence des complications ont été étudiés. Une analyse coût-efficacité, comparant les deux traitements, a été réalisée. RÉSULTATS: L'incidence globale des événements majeurs (mortalité, récidive de TVP, embolie pulmonaire, d'hémorragie majeure, thrombocytopénie à l'héparine) était significativement différent (p = 0,035) en faveur de la tinzaparine (7 versus 17 événements). Le score échographique caillot de volume (un indice de recanalisation) a diminué de manière significative dans les deux groupes de traitement. Toutefois, la tinzaparine produit beaucoup plus étendue globale recanalisation à partir de 3 mois (p <0,02). La régression du thrombus était équivalent ou en faveur de la tinzaparine dans les sous-groupes différents DVT et les segments veineux, mais la signification statistique varié. Reflux montré différences non significatives globales ou en sous-groupes. Une analyse des coûts a entraîné en faveur des HBPM. CONCLUSIONS: Une dose fixe quotidienne de la tinzaparine pendant 6 mois était au moins aussi efficace et sûre que l'HNF et l'acénocoumarol. En ce qui concerne les événements majeurs et de recanalisation, il y avait un avantage significatif en faveur de la tinzaparine. Traitement à long terme TVP avec la tinzaparine pourraient représenter une alternative au traitement conventionnel.

Primary study

Unclassified

Journal The Lancet. Haematology
Year 2016
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BACKGROUND: There are few data on the relative efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants, such as edoxaban, compared with vitamin K antagonists during extended therapy for venous thromboembolism. This analysis evaluates the risk-benefit of extended treatment for up to 12 months with edoxaban compared with warfarin among patients enrolled in the Hokusai-VTE study who continued therapy beyond 3 months. METHODS: The Hokusai-VTE trial (NCT00986154) was a randomised, double-blind, event driven non-inferiority trial in 8292 patients comparing edoxaban with warfarin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism. All patients were treated for at least 3 months and treatment was continued for up to 12 months. The outcomes at 12 months were documented in all patients irrespective of treatment duration. 3633 patients treated with edoxaban and 3594 treated with warfarin who completed 3 months of treatment were eligible for this analysis. The primary efficacy outcome was the incidence of adjudicated symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism evaluated for each of the time intervals of 3 months, greater than 3 months to 6 months, greater than 6 months to less than 12 months, and at 12 months, as well as the cumulative incidence occurring between 3 and 12 months. The principal safety outcome was the incidence of clinically relevant bleeding (composite of major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding). Both on-treatment and intention-to-treat analyses were done. FINDINGS: In the on-treatment analysis, the incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism at 3 months was 1·1% (0·8-1·4; 44 of 4118 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group versus 1·2% (0·9-1·6; 51 of 4122) in the warfarin-treated group; between greater than 3 months and 6 months, 0·7% (0·3-1·5; eight of 1076) versus 0·5% (0·2-1·1; five of 1084); between greater than 6 months and less than 12 months, 0·2% (0·0-0·8; two of 896) versus 0·8% (0·03-1·7; seven of 851); and at 12 months, <0·1% (0·0-0·3; one of 1661) versus 0·1% (0·0-0·4; two of 1659). In the on-treatment analysis, the cumulative incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism between 3 and 12 months was 0·3% (95% CI 0·2-1·5; 11 of 3633 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group and 0·4% (0·2-1·7; 14 of 3594) in the warfarin-treated group (HR 0·78, 95% CI 0·36-1·72). The cumulative incidence of clinically relevant bleeding (major or non-major) between 3 and 12 months was 3·9% (95% CI 3·3-4·6; 143 of 3633 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group and 4·1% (3·5-4·8; 147 of 3594 patients) in the warfarin-treated group (HR 0·97, 95% CI 0·77-1·22); cumulative incidence of major bleeding was 0·3% (95% CI 0·2-0·5; 11 of 3633 patients) in the edoxaban-treated group and 0·7% (0·4-1·0; 24 of 3594 patients) in the warfarin-treated group (HR 0·45, 95% CI 0·22-0·92). Similar results were obtained in the intention-to-treat analysis. INTERPRETATION: Extended treatment with edoxaban is effective and associated with less major bleeding than warfarin. Edoxaban once daily provides an attractive alternative to warfarin for patients with venous thromboembolism who require extended treatment for prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. FUNDING: Daiichi Sankyo.

Primary study

Unclassified

Registry of Trials clinicaltrials.gov
Year 2007
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In a French multicenter double blind randomized controlled trial, the main objective is to demonstrate that, after 6 months of oral anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic proximal deep vein thrombosis, 18 months of warfarin therapy is associated with a lower cumulative risk of recurrent VTE and major bleeding in comparison with that on 18 months of placebo. The secondary objectives are: (1) to determine the risk of recurrent VTE after 6 months of warfarin therapy and the presence or the absence of residual lung scan perfusion defect and the persistence or not of elevated D-dimer test; and (2), to determine the impact of extended duration of anticoagulation on the risk of VTE after stopping anticoagulant therapy on a follow-up of 2 years.
References ( articles) loading Revert Studify
References ( articles) loading Revert Studify