There is growing interest in lifestyle interventions as stand-alone and add-on therapies in mental health care due to their potential benefits for both physical and mental health outcomes. We evaluated lifestyle interventions focusing on physical activity, diet, and sleep in adults with severe mental illness (SMI) and the evidence for their effectiveness. To this end, we conducted a meta-review and searched major electronic databases for articles published prior to 09/2022 and updated our search in 03/2024. We identified 89 relevant systematic reviews and assessed their quality using the SIGN checklist. Based on the findings of our meta-review and on clinical expertise of the authors, we formulated seven recommendations. In brief, evidence supports the application of lifestyle interventions that combine behavioural change techniques, dietary modification, and physical activity to reduce weight and improve cardiovascular health parameters in adults with SMI. Furthermore, physical activity should be used as an adjunct treatment to improve mental health in adults with SMI, including psychotic symptoms and cognition in adults with schizophrenia or depressive symptoms in adults with major depression. To ameliorate sleep quality, cognitive behavioural informed interventions can be considered. Additionally, we provide an overview of key gaps in the current literature. Future studies should integrate both mental and physical health outcomes to reflect the multi-faceted benefits of lifestyle interventions. Moreover, our meta-review highlighted a relative dearth of evidence relating to interventions in adults with bipolar disorder and to nutritional and sleep interventions. Future research could help establish lifestyle interventions as a core component of mental health care.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
AIM: Integrated care commonly involves provision of comprehensive community-based care for people with chronic conditions. It is anticipated that implementation of integrated care, with a proactive approach to management of chronic conditions, will reduce reliance on hospital and emergency department (ED) services. The aim of this rapid review was to summarize the best available evidence on the impact of integrated care for patients with chronic conditions on hospital and ED utilization and investigate trends in outcomes over time.
METHODS: Given the large body of literature available on this topic, this rapid review considered existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses that included adults with chronic conditions. Any model of integrated care that involved management of patients across the continuum of care, with the aim to provide more care in community settings, was considered for inclusion. A search of PubMed, CINAHL, Google Advanced, and websites of international healthcare provider organizations was conducted to locate relevant published and gray literature.
RESULTS: A total of 13 systematic reviews were included. Overall, evidence suggests that integrated care may reduce the risk of hospitalization, with reviews including patients with diverse chronic conditions showing a 19% reduction. Integrated care appears effective in reducing readmissions for patients with heart failure, with an absolute risk reduction of 8% for first and 19% for subsequent rehospitalization. For ED presentations, evidence indicates that integrated care has no effect overall but may reduce ED visits for patients aged 65 years or more. For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, integrated care was associated with reductions in length of stay ranging from 2.5 to 4 days. Studies with shorter follow-up, from 3 to 12 months, in general appeared to show a greater impact of integrated care than studies with longer follow-up of 18 months or more.
CONCLUSION: The evidence identified suggests integrated care generally reduces utilization of hospital services. In some instances, there were no differences observed between integrated care and usual care, but no included reviews reported increased utilization of these services. The impact of integrated care may be greater in the short-term, given the ultimate deterioration associated with advanced chronic disease which may negate any long-term benefits.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The therapeutic effects of cannabinoid compounds have been the center of many investigations. This study provides a synthesis on all Cochrane systematic reviews (SRs) that assessed the use of cannabinoids as a therapeutic approach. DESIGN AND SETTING: Review of SRs, conducted in the Discipline of Evidence-Based Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). METHODS: A broad search was conducted in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to retrieve any Cochrane SRs that assessed the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids as a therapeutic approach. The results and key characteristics of all reviews included were summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Eight SRs were included. They assessed the use of cannabinoids for the following types of conditions: neurological (two SRs), psychiatric (two SRs), rheumatological (one SR), infectious (one SR) and oncological (two SRs). There was moderate-quality evidence showing that the use of cannabinoids reduced nausea and vomiting among adults, compared with placebo. Additionally, there was moderate-quality evidence showing that there was no difference between cannabinoids and prochlorperazine regarding the number of participants who reported vomiting, in this same population. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified eight Cochrane systematic reviews that provided evidence of unknown to moderate quality regarding the use of cannabinoids as a therapeutic intervention. Further studies are still imperative for solid conclusions to be reached regarding practical recommendations.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
Motivation is a well-established predictor of recovery for addictive behaviors. Treatments aimed at changing substance use and gambling frequently employ motivational enhancing strategies, based in the principles of Motivational Interviewing (MI). Evidence for these approaches across addictive behaviors does not always paint a clear picture. The purpose of this review was to examine existing reviews of motivational-based interventions for various substances of abuse and gambling in the last decade to gain a deeper understanding of the current evidence and implications for future research and clinical practice. Literature searches were conducted to identify review articles from January 1, 2007 to January 30, 2017 for motivational enhancing interventions for alcohol, tobacco, drugs, marijuana, cocaine, opioids, methamphetamines, and gambling. Of the 144 articles assessed we included a total of 34 review articles in our review, including 6 Cochrane reviews. This review supports use of motivationally enhancing interventions across addictive behaviors with strongest evidence supporting use in alcohol and tobacco, with brief interventions showing strong efficacy. There is strong support for MI with marijuana and some support for gambling. Insufficient evidence is available for methamphetamine or opiate use. There are important caveats. In most cases, MI is more effective than no treatment and as effective (but not necessarily more effective) than other active treatments. Findings for effectiveness of more intensive motivational interventions or combinations are mixed. Treatment fidelity assessments, limited subpopulation analyses, and differences in dose, outcomes, and protocol specification continue to pose significant problems for reviews. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
OBJETIVO: Describir las intervenciones de política que tienen como objetivo reducir el uso de ED y estimar su efectividad. MÉTODOS: Revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda en tres bases de datos electrónicas para trabajos de revisión de literatura científica publicados entre 2010 y octubre de 2015. La calidad de los estudios incluidos se evaluó con AMSTAR y se aplicó una síntesis narrativa de los trabajos recuperados. RESULTADOS: Veintitrés publicaciones incluyeron seis tipos de intervenciones: (1) participación en los costos; (2) fortalecimiento de la atención primaria; (3) desviación prehospitalaria (incluyendo triaje telefónico); (4) coordinación; (5) apoyo a la educación y la autogestión; (6) barreras para acceder a los departamentos de emergencia. El alto número de intervenciones, los métodos divergentes utilizados para medir los resultados y las diferentes poblaciones complican su evaluación. Aunque aproximadamente dos tercios de los estudios primarios mostraron reducciones en el uso de ED en la mayoría de las intervenciones, la evidencia mostró resultados contradictorios. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar de numerosas publicaciones, la evidencia sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones que intentan reducir el uso de ED sigue siendo insuficiente. Se necesitan estudios sobre grupos de pacientes más homogéneos con un grupo de intervención y control claramente descrito para determinar qué grupo objetivo específico qué tipo de intervención tiene más éxito y cómo debe diseñarse la intervención. El uso eficaz de los servicios de ED en general es un problema complejo y multifactorial que requiere intervenciones integradas que deberán ser adaptadas al contexto específico de un país con un sistema de retroalimentación para controlar sus consecuencias (no deseadas). Sin embargo, la co-localización de los puestos de GP y los departamentos de emergencia parece junto con la introducción de sistemas de triaje telefónico las intervenciones preferidas para reducir las visitas inapropiadas de ED, mientras que la gestión de casos podría reducir el número de asistencias ED por usuarios frecuentes de ED.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
ANTECEDENTES: Las personas con enfermedad mental grave (SMI) tienen altas tasas de enfermedades crónicas y muerte prematura.
Objetivos: explorar la solidez de las pruebas para las intervenciones para reducir el riesgo de mortalidad en las personas con enfermedad mental grave.
MÉTODO: En un meta-análisis de 16 revisiones sistemáticas de estudios controlados, la mortalidad fue el resultado primario (8 comentarios). medidas fisiológicas de la salud (índice de masa corporal, el peso, los niveles de glucosa, perfil de lípidos y presión arterial) fueron los resultados secundarios (14 opiniones).
RESULTADOS: Los medicamentos antipsicóticos y antidepresivos tenían un efecto protector sobre la mortalidad, sin perjuicio de la observancia del tratamiento. programas de atención comunitaria de integración puede reducir la morbilidad física y el exceso de muertes, pero los ingredientes eficaces son desconocidos. Las intervenciones para mejorar los estilos de vida poco saludables y comportamientos de riesgo puede mejorar el perfil de factores de riesgo, pero se necesita un seguimiento más prolongado. Las intervenciones preventivas y de mejora de la atención médica para las enfermedades crónicas comórbidas pueden reducir el exceso de mortalidad, pero se carece de datos.
Conclusiones: Mejora de la adherencia a las guías de gestión de la salud farmacológicas y físicas se indica.
ANTECEDENTES: Muchos países están desarrollando estrategias de prevención del suicidio para las cuales se requiere evidencia actualizada y de alta calidad. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed y en la Biblioteca Cochrane utilizando múltiples términos relacionados con la prevención del suicidio para los estudios publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2014. Se evaluaron siete intervenciones: La educación pública y médica, las estrategias de los medios de comunicación, el cribado, la restricción del acceso a los medios de suicidio, los tratamientos y el apoyo por internet o por línea telefónica. Se extrajeron datos sobre los resultados primarios de interés, a saber, comportamiento suicida (suicidio, intento o ideación) y resultados intermedios o secundarios (búsqueda de tratamiento, identificación de individuos en riesgo, tasas de prescripción o uso de antidepresivos o referencias). 18 expertos en prevención de suicidios de 13 países europeos revisaron todos los artículos y evaluaron la fuerza de la evidencia utilizando los criterios de Oxford. Debido a que la heterogeneidad de las poblaciones y la metodología no permitieron metanálisis formal, presentamos un análisis narrativo. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 1797 estudios, incluyendo 23 revisiones sistemáticas, 12 metaanálisis, 40 ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA), 67 estudios de cohortes y 22 estudios ecológicos o basados en la población. La evidencia de restricción del acceso a medios letales en la prevención del suicidio se ha fortalecido desde 2005, especialmente en lo que se refiere al control de los analgésicos (disminución general del 43% desde 2005) y los puntos calientes de suicidio por salto (reducción del 86% A 91%). Se ha demostrado que los programas de concienciación en la escuela reducen los intentos de suicidio (odds ratio [OR] 0 · 45, IC del 95% 0 · 24-0 85], p = 0, 014) y la ideación suicida (0, 5, -0 · 92; p = 0 · 025). Los efectos anti-suicidas de la clozapina y el litio han sido probados, pero podrían ser menos específicos de lo que se pensaba anteriormente. Los tratamientos farmacológicos y psicológicos eficaces de la depresión son importantes en la prevención. No existen pruebas suficientes para evaluar los posibles beneficios de la prevención del suicidio en la atención primaria, en la educación general del público y en las directrices de los medios de comunicación. Otros enfoques que necesitan más investigación incluyen la formación de guardián, la educación de los médicos, y el apoyo de Internet y ayuda. La escasez de ECA es una limitación importante en la evaluación de las intervenciones preventivas. INTERPRETACIÓN: En la búsqueda de iniciativas eficaces de prevención del suicidio, ninguna estrategia única claramente está por encima de las demás. Las combinaciones de estrategias basadas en la evidencia a nivel individual y el nivel de población deben ser evaluadas con diseños de investigación sólidos. FINANCIACIÓN: Plataforma de Expertos en Salud Mental, Foco en la Depresión, y el Colegio Europeo de Neuropsicofarmacología.
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 71(2) of <i>Nordic Journal of Psychiatry</i> (see record [rid]2017-02956-013[/rid]). In the original article, there were some errors. On page 236, 2nd column, lines 5-6, regarding review question 8: the correct effect size for positive symptoms is 0.18 (95% CI 0.06-0.30) and for negative symptoms 0.13 (95% CI (-0.01)-0.27). Thus, the endorsement for CBT currently has to be limited to persisting positive symptoms. There were also errors in supplementary Table 8. The errors in supplementary Table 8 have been corrected in the online version.] Background and aim: The Danish Health and Medicines Authority assembled a group of experts to develop a national clinical guideline for patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs. Within this context, ten explicit review questions were formulated, covering several identified key issues. METHODS: Systematic literature searches were performed stepwise for each review question to identify relevant guidelines, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials. The quality of the body of evidence for each review question was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Clinical recommendations were developed on the basis of the evidence, assessment of the risk-benefit ratio, and perceived patient preferences. RESULTS: Based on the identified evidence, a guideline development group (GDG) recommended that the following interventions should be offered routinely: antipsychotic maintenance therapy, family intervention and assertive community treatment. The following interventions should be considered: long-acting injectable antipsychotics, neurocognitive training, social cognitive training, cognitive behavioural therapy for persistent positive and/or negative symptoms, and the combination of cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing for cannabis and/or central stimulant abuse. SSRI or SNRI add-on treatment for persistent negative symptoms should be used only cautiously. Where no evidence was available, the GDG agreed on a good practice recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of this guideline in daily clinical practice can facilitate good treatment outcomes within the population of patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs. The guideline does not cover all available interventions and should be used in conjunction with other relevant guidelines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
There is growing interest in lifestyle interventions as stand-alone and add-on therapies in mental health care due to their potential benefits for both physical and mental health outcomes. We evaluated lifestyle interventions focusing on physical activity, diet, and sleep in adults with severe mental illness (SMI) and the evidence for their effectiveness. To this end, we conducted a meta-review and searched major electronic databases for articles published prior to 09/2022 and updated our search in 03/2024. We identified 89 relevant systematic reviews and assessed their quality using the SIGN checklist. Based on the findings of our meta-review and on clinical expertise of the authors, we formulated seven recommendations. In brief, evidence supports the application of lifestyle interventions that combine behavioural change techniques, dietary modification, and physical activity to reduce weight and improve cardiovascular health parameters in adults with SMI. Furthermore, physical activity should be used as an adjunct treatment to improve mental health in adults with SMI, including psychotic symptoms and cognition in adults with schizophrenia or depressive symptoms in adults with major depression. To ameliorate sleep quality, cognitive behavioural informed interventions can be considered. Additionally, we provide an overview of key gaps in the current literature. Future studies should integrate both mental and physical health outcomes to reflect the multi-faceted benefits of lifestyle interventions. Moreover, our meta-review highlighted a relative dearth of evidence relating to interventions in adults with bipolar disorder and to nutritional and sleep interventions. Future research could help establish lifestyle interventions as a core component of mental health care.
