OBJECTIVES: Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been approved for treatment of deep venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism which are associated with cancer. The efficacy and safety of apixaban in management of acute deep venous thrombosis associated with active malignancy is still an unresolved issue. The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients with acute deep venous thrombosis and active malignancy compared with weight adjusted subcutaneous LMWH.
METHODS: Of 138 randomized patients, 100 patients with active malignancy presenting with acute deep venous thrombosis and still treated with chemotherapy were assigned to either oral apixaban therapy or subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) through randomized clinical study in 1:1 ratio. All patients were followed up to six months. The primary end point was major bleeding, while secondary end points were recurrent deep venous thrombosis or venous thromboembolism, minor or non-fatal bleeding and mortality related to massive pulmonary embolism.
RESULTS: Both groups were matched regarding their baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. We had 84 patients with metastatic cancer (stage 4). The most prevalent type of malignancy was cancer colon (42% of cases). There was no significant difference between both groups regarding the incidence of primary and secondary end points. There were no reported mortality cases related to massive pulmonary embolism in both groups.
CONCLUSION: In this limited study, there was no difference in the major bleeding, recurrent deep venous thrombosis or minor bleeding in patients with active malignancy when treated with either apixaban or LMWH.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04462003). Registered 7 July 2020 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04462003.
BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants are recommended for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) as an alternative to low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), but an increased bleeding risk in patients with gastrointestinal cancer was reported. The Caravaggio study compared apixaban and dalteparin for the treatment of patients with CAT. Here we describe sites of bleeding, associated cancer sites, clinical presentation, and course of major bleeding in patients included in the Caravaggio study.
METHODS: The Caravaggio study was a multinational, randomized, open-label, noninferiority study. Bleeding events and the severity of major bleedings were adjudicated by a committee unaware of treatment allocation using predefined criteria; for the purpose of this analysis, data were analyzed in the safety population.
RESULTS: Major bleeding occurred in 22 of 576 patients on apixaban (3.8%) and in 23 of 579 patients on dalteparin (4.0%). The sites of major bleeding and their distribution according to the type of cancer were similar between the two treatment groups. Major bleeding occurred in nine patients with gastrointestinal cancer in each treatment group. The clinical presentation of major bleeding was severe or fatal in 6 patients on apixaban and in 5 patients on dalteparin, while the clinical course was severe in 5 patients on apixaban and in 7 patients on dalteparin.
CONCLUSION: Apixaban is a safe alternative to LMWH for the treatment in patients with CAT. No excess in gastrointestinal bleeding was observed in patients who received apixaban, including those with gastrointestinal cancer.
<b>BACKGROUND: </b>Recent guidelines recommend consideration of the use of oral edoxaban or rivaroxaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. However, the benefit of these oral agents is limited by the increased risk of bleeding associated with their use.<b>METHODS: </b>This was a multinational, randomized, investigator-initiated, open-label, noninferiority trial with blinded central outcome adjudication. We randomly assigned consecutive patients with cancer who had symptomatic or incidental acute proximal deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism to receive oral apixaban (at a dose of 10 mg twice daily for the first 7 days, followed by 5 mg twice daily) or subcutaneous dalteparin (at a dose of 200 IU per kilogram of body weight once daily for the first month, followed by 150 IU per kilogram once daily). The treatments were administered for 6 months. The primary outcome was objectively confirmed recurrent venous thromboembolism during the trial period. The principal safety outcome was major bleeding.<b>RESULTS: </b>Recurrent venous thromboembolism occurred in 32 of 576 patients (5.6%) in the apixaban group and in 46 of 579 patients (7.9%) in the dalteparin group (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 1.07; P<0.001 for noninferiority). Major bleeding occurred in 22 patients (3.8%) in the apixaban group and in 23 patients (4.0%) in the dalteparin group (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.40 to 1.69; P = 0.60).<b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Oral apixaban was noninferior to subcutaneous dalteparin for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism without an increased risk of major bleeding. (Funded by the Bristol-Myers Squibb-Pfizer Alliance; Caravaggio ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03045406.).
International and national guidelines recommend low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. The aim of the Caravaggio study is to assess whether oral apixaban is non-inferior to subcutaneous dalteparin for the treatment of acute proximal deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer. The study is an investigator-initiated, multi-national, prospective, randomized, open-label with blind end-point evaluation (PROBE), non-inferiority clinical trial (NCT03045406). Consecutive patients are randomized to receive oral apixaban or subcutaneous dalteparin for 6 months. Apixaban is given at a dose of 10 mg twice daily for the first 7 days and then 5 mg twice daily; dalteparin is given at a dose of 200 IU/kg for the first month and then 150 IU/kg once daily. The primary outcome of the study is objectively confirmed recurrent VTE as assessed by a central independent adjudication committee unaware of study treatment allocation. The primary safety outcome is major bleeding defined according to the guidelines of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Assuming a 6-month incidence of the primary outcome of 7% with dalteparin and an upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence interval of the hazard ratio below the pre-specified margin of 2.00, 1,168 patients will be randomized considering an up to 20% loss in total patient-years (β = 80%; α one-sided = 0.025). The Caravaggio study has the potential, along with other recently performed or on-going studies, to make less cumbersome the management of VTE in patients with cancer by replacing parenteral with oral anticoagulation.
BACKGROUND: Apixaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor administered in fixed doses, may simplify the treatment of venous thromboembolism.
METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we compared apixaban (at a dose of 10 mg twice daily for 7 days, followed by 5 mg twice daily for 6 months) with conventional therapy (subcutaneous enoxaparin, followed by warfarin) in 5395 patients with acute venous thromboembolism. The primary efficacy outcome was recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism or death related to venous thromboembolism. The principal safety outcomes were major bleeding alone and major bleeding plus clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding.
RESULTS: The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 59 of 2609 patients (2.3%) in the apixaban group, as compared with 71 of 2635 (2.7%) in the conventional-therapy group (relative risk, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 1.18; difference in risk [apixaban minus conventional therapy], -0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, -1.3 to 0.4). Apixaban was noninferior to conventional therapy (P<0.001) for predefined upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals for both relative risk (<1.80) and difference in risk (<3.5 percentage points). Major bleeding occurred in 0.6% of patients who received apixaban and in 1.8% of those who received conventional therapy (relative risk, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.55; P<0.001 for superiority). The composite outcome of major bleeding and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding occurred in 4.3% of the patients in the apixaban group, as compared with 9.7% of those in the conventional-therapy group (relative risk, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.55; P<0.001). Rates of other adverse events were similar in the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: A fixed-dose regimen of apixaban alone was noninferior to conventional therapy for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism and was associated with significantly less bleeding (Funded by Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00643201).
Le traitement standard de l'héparine suivie par antivitamines K est souvent compliquée par une hémorragie et de thromboembolie veineuse (TEV) récurrente chez les patients atteints de cancer avec VTE. Pour comparer l'efficacité, la sécurité et la survie globale de traitement de l'idraparinux à long terme au traitement standard chez les patients cancéreux Nous avons effectué une analyse post-hoc dans le sous-groupe de patients atteints de cancer non-actifs et actifs inclus dans l'Gogh essai clinique Van TVP. Les patients cancéreux présentant une thrombose veineuse profonde (TVP) et sans embolie pulmonaire (PE) ont été randomisés à un traitement standard ou une injection hebdomadaire sous-cutanée de l'idraparinux (2,5 mg), un pentasaccharide synthétique. 421 patients atteints de cancer ont été inclus. Un total de 220 patients a reçu idraparinux et 201 ont été attribués à la thérapie standard pour trois mois (8%) ou six mois (92%). Une récidive de MTEV a été observée au cours des six premiers mois à 2,5% (n = 5) des bénéficiaires idraparinux, contre 6,4% (n = 12) dans le groupe de traitement standard (hazard ratio 0,39, intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC], 0,14 -1.11). Le taux de saignement était comparable (odds ratio 0,89, IC 95%; 0,50 à 1,59). Les résultats étaient similaires à trois mois après la randomisation chez tous les patients. Parmi les bénéficiaires idraparinux, 22,7% (n = 50) est décédé au cours de la période de l'étude par rapport à 48 patients (23,9%) dans le groupe de traitement standard (hazard ratio 0,99, IC 95%; 0,66 à 1,48). En conclusion, aucune différence en matière de sécurité ou de survie significative n'a été observée entre les patients cancéreux souffrant de TVP traités par idraparinux pendant six mois par rapport au traitement standard. TEV récurrentes moins ont été observés dans le groupe idraparinux, mais ce n'était pas statistiquement significative et aussi en raison des limites de l'étude ce doit être interprétée avec prudence.
CONTEXTE: La oral direct inhibiteur de la thrombine dabigatran a un effet anticoagulant prévisible et peut être une alternative thérapeutique à la warfarine chez les patients qui ont la maladie thromboembolique veineuse aiguë. MÉTHODES: Dans une étude randomisée, en double aveugle non-infériorité, des patients atteints de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse aiguë qui ont été initialement fournies traitement anticoagulant parentéral pendant une durée médiane de 9 jours (intervalle interquartile, 8-11), nous avons comparé le dabigatran par voie orale, administré à une dose de 150 mg deux fois par jour, avec la warfarine qui a été la dose ajustée pour atteindre un ratio international normalisé de 2,0 à 3,0. Le critère principal était l'incidence de 6 mois de récidive symptomatique, la maladie thromboembolique veineuse objectivement confirmés et de décès liés. Points d'extrémité de sécurité comprenaient des événements hémorragiques, syndromes coronariens aigus, d'autres événements indésirables, et les résultats des tests de fonction hépatique. Résultats: Un total de 30 des patients 1274 randomisés pour recevoir le dabigatran (2,4%), comparativement à 27 des 1265 patients randomisés à la warfarine (2,1%), a eu la maladie thromboembolique veineuse récidivante, la différence dans le risque était de 0,4 points de pourcentage (95% intervalle de confiance [IC], -0,8 à 1,5; P <0,001 pour les non-infériorité de la marge prédéfinie). Le hazard ratio était de 1,10 avec le dabigatran (IC à 95%, de 0,65 à 1,84). Épisodes hémorragiques majeurs sont survenus chez 20 patients assignés au dabigatran (1,6%) et chez 24 patients assignés à la warfarine (1,9%) (rapport de risque avec le dabigatran, 0,82, IC 95%, 0,45 à 1,48), et des épisodes de saignement ont été observés dans 205 patients assignés au dabigatran (16,1%) et 277 patients assignés à la warfarine (21,9%; hazard ratio avec le dabigatran, 0,71, IC 95%, 0,59 à 0,85). Les nombres de décès, les syndromes coronariens aigus, et des anomalies des fonctions hépatique étaient comparables dans les deux groupes. Les événements indésirables conduisant à l'arrêt du médicament à l'étude a eu lieu dans 9,0% des patients assignés au dabigatran et dans 6,8% des patients assignés à la warfarine (P = 0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Pour le traitement de la thromboembolie veineuse aiguë, une dose fixe de dabigatran est aussi efficace que la warfarine, a un profil d'innocuité semblable à celle de la warfarine, et ne nécessitent pas de surveillance en laboratoire. (Nombre ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00291330.) Copyright 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.
OBJECTIF: Pour évaluer si faible poids moléculaire d'héparine (HBPM) pourrait être tout aussi (ou plus) efficace que par voie orale anti-vitamine K (AVK agents) dans le traitement à long terme de la thrombose veineuse profonde (TVP).
CONCEPTION: Une étude randomisée, ouverte procès.
MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES: Dans cet essai, 241 patients présentant une TVP proximale symptomatique des membres inférieurs confirmée par échographie duplex ont été inclus. Après HBPM initiale, les patients ont reçu 6 mois de traitement avec la dose thérapeutique complète de la tinzaparine ou acénocoumarol. Le critère principal était l'incidence de 12 mois de veineuse récidivante symptomatique thrombo-embolie (TEV). Duplex scans ont été réalisées à 6 et 12 mois.
RÉSULTATS: Au cours de la période de 12 mois, six patients (5%) de 119 qui ont reçu une HBPM et 13 (10,7%) de 122 qui ont reçu AVK eu récidive de MTEV (p = 0,11). Chez les patients atteints d'un cancer, récidive de MTEV ont tendance à être plus faible dans le groupe HBPM (deux de 36 [5,5%]) vs sept 33 [21,2%], p = 0,06). Un saignement majeur a eu lieu dans le groupe HBPM et trois dans le groupe AVK. Veineuse recanalisation augmenté de manière significative à 6 mois (73,1% contre 47,5%) et à 12 mois (91,5% contre 69,2%) dans le groupe HBPM.
CONCLUSIONS: La tinzaparine était plus efficace que par AVK dans la réalisation de recanalisation du thrombus jambe. À long terme tinzaparine était au moins aussi efficace et sûre que AVK pour prévenir la TEV récurrente, en particulier chez les patients atteints d'un cancer.
Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been approved for treatment of deep venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism which are associated with cancer. The efficacy and safety of apixaban in management of acute deep venous thrombosis associated with active malignancy is still an unresolved issue. The aim of our study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients with acute deep venous thrombosis and active malignancy compared with weight adjusted subcutaneous LMWH.
METHODS:
Of 138 randomized patients, 100 patients with active malignancy presenting with acute deep venous thrombosis and still treated with chemotherapy were assigned to either oral apixaban therapy or subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) through randomized clinical study in 1:1 ratio. All patients were followed up to six months. The primary end point was major bleeding, while secondary end points were recurrent deep venous thrombosis or venous thromboembolism, minor or non-fatal bleeding and mortality related to massive pulmonary embolism.
RESULTS:
Both groups were matched regarding their baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. We had 84 patients with metastatic cancer (stage 4). The most prevalent type of malignancy was cancer colon (42% of cases). There was no significant difference between both groups regarding the incidence of primary and secondary end points. There were no reported mortality cases related to massive pulmonary embolism in both groups.
CONCLUSION:
In this limited study, there was no difference in the major bleeding, recurrent deep venous thrombosis or minor bleeding in patients with active malignancy when treated with either apixaban or LMWH.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04462003). Registered 7 July 2020 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04462003.
