BACKGROUND: Physical activity is important for healthy ageing, however most older adults are inactive. Numerous reviews with a range of inclusion criteria have been conducted on digital interventions to promote physical activity in older adults, and a synthesis of these is needed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis on the effectiveness of digital interventions to promote physical activity in older adults.
METHODS: Nine databases were searched from January 2010 to December 2023. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of primary studies using digital physical activity interventions to target healthy older adults or clinical populations of older adults with a self-reported or device measured physical activity outcome were eligible for inclusion.
RESULTS: In total, 22 systematic reviews and meta-analyses covering 185 primary research papers were eligible for inclusion. The total number of participants across all primary studies was 28,198. Most (21, 95%) reviews and meta-analyses were rated as having a low or critically low AMSTAR-2 confidence rating. Of the 22 included systematic reviews, 13 (59%) conducted a meta-analysis and 10 (45%) conducted a narrative synthesis. Most systematic reviews with a narrative synthesis found strong evidence for a positive effect or moderate evidence for a positive effect for physical activity outcomes (7/9, 78%) and steps (3/3, 100%). The meta-meta-analysis of primary papers included in meta-analyses demonstrated a significant moderate effect for steps and a significant small effect for total PA and MVPA. The strength of effect did not vary by intervention components (activity tracker, app-based, SMS/phone, web-based, and face-to-face), population (primary or secondary prevention), control group (none, other digital intervention, or non-digital intervention), or outcome measurement (self-reported or device measured). Only 3 (14%) reviews included longer term follow up outcomes after the end of the intervention, with mixed results.
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from 22 reviews and meta-analyses suggests that digital physical activity interventions are effective at increasing physical activity in older adults. Further primary research is needed in adults 65 years and over exclusively, and with longer-term follow up of physical activity outcomes. Future reviews should include a published protocol and interpret results according to risk-of-bias.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
Poor quality diet, physical inactivity, and obesity are prevalent, covariant risk factors for chronic disease, suggesting that behavior change techniques (BCTs) that effectively change one risk factor might also improve the others. To examine that question, registered meta-review CRD42019128444 synthesized evidence from 30 meta-analyses published between 2007 and 2017 aggregating data from 409,185 participants to evaluate whether inclusion of 14 self-regulatory BCTs in health promotion interventions was associated with greater improvements in outcomes. Study populations and review quality varied, with minimal overlap among summarized studies. AMSTAR-2 ratings averaged 37.31% (SD = 16.21%; range 8.33-75%). All BCTs were examined in at least one meta-analysis; goal setting and self-monitoring were evaluated in 18 and 20 reviews, respectively. No BCT was consistently related to improved outcomes. Although results might indicate that BCTs fail to benefit diet and activity self-regulation, we suggest that a Type 3 error occurred, whereby the meta-analytic research design implemented to analyze effects of multi-component intervention trials designed for a different purpose was mismatched to the question of how BCTs affect health outcomes. An understanding of independent and interactive effects of individual BCTs on different health outcomes and populations is needed urgently to ground a cumulative science of behavior change.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
Health care providers, policy makers, and investigators are dependent upon the quality and accuracy of published research findings to inform and guide future practice and research in their field. Systematic reviews, the synthesis of outcomes across studies are increasingly more common in the family literature; however, published review reports often lack information on strategies reviewers used to insure dependability of findings, and minimize methodological bias in the review. In this article, we summarize findings from systematic reviews of interventions and outcomes from family involvement in adult chronic disease care published between 2007 and 2016. In addition, we explore procedures reviewers used to insure the quality and methodologic rigor of the review. Our discussion provides guidance and direction for future studies of family involvement in chronic disease care.
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Programmes that promote dietary behaviour change for the prevention of chronic disease must include components that are rooted in best practice and associated with effectiveness. The purpose of this overview of systematic reviews was to examine the characteristics and dietary behaviour change outcomes of nutrition interventions among populations with or at risk of non-communicable chronic diseases. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) testing dietary behaviour change interventions published between January 2006 and November 2015 were identified via searches in Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Quality of reviews were appraised using AMSTAR. Dietary behaviour change and intervention details were extracted and systematically summarised. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Dietary behaviour changes in response to nutrition interventions were significant in over half of interventions. Reducing dietary fat and increasing fruits and vegetables were the most common behaviour changes. The characteristics of nutrition interventions and their relationship to effectiveness for dietary behaviour change among chronic disease or at-risk populations were reported inconsistently. However, associative evidence exists to support more frequent contacts and the use of specific behaviour change techniques. No clear relationships were found between effectiveness and intervention setting, mode of delivery or intervention provider, although some population-specific relationships were identified. Interventions that promote long-term maintenance of dietary behaviour changes are lacking in the literature. This comprehensive umbrella review identifies specific characteristics of interventions that are associated with effectiveness in interventions that promote dietary behaviour change among different at-risk populations. In order to maximise outcomes, public health, health promotion and healthcare organisations should consider these results in order to inform the development and improvement of nutrition programmes.
OBJECTIVES: This umbrella review aimed to identify the current evidence on health education-related interventions for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM); identify the educational content, delivery methods, intensity, duration and setting required. The purpose was to provide recommendations for educational interventions for high-risk patients with both ACS and T2DM.
DESIGN: Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
SETTING: Inpatient and postdischarge settings.
PARTICIPANTS: Patients with ACS and T2DM.
DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute, Journals@Ovid, EMBase, Medline, PubMed and Web of Science databases from January 2000 through May 2016.
OUTCOMES MEASURES: Clinical outcomes (such as glycated haemoglobin), behavioural outcomes (such as smoking), psychosocial outcomes (such as anxiety) and medical service use.
RESULTS: Fifty-one eligible reviews (15 for ACS and 36 for T2DM) consisting of 1324 relevant studies involving 2 88 057 patients (15 papers did not provide the total sample); 30 (58.8%) reviews were rated as high quality. Nurses only and multidisciplinary teams were the most frequent professionals to provide education, and most educational interventions were delivered postdischarge. Face-to-face sessions were the most common delivery formats, and many education sessions were also delivered by telephone or via web contact. The frequency of educational sessions was weekly or monthly, and an average of 3.7 topics was covered per education session. Psychoeducational interventions were generally effective at reducing smoking and admissions for patients with ACS. Culturally appropriate health education, self-management educational interventions, group medical visits and psychoeducational interventions were generally effective for patients with T2DM.
CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that there is a body of current evidence about the efficacy of health education, its content and delivery methods for patients with ACS or T2DM. These results provide recommendations about the content for, and approach to, health education intervention for these high-risk patients.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
OBJECTIVE: To summarise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of integrated care interventions in reducing hospital activity.
DESIGN: Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
SETTING: Interventions must have delivered care crossing the boundary between at least two health and/or social care settings.
PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with one or more chronic diseases.
DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, ASSIA, PsycINFO, HMIC, CINAHL, Cochrane Library (HTA database, DARE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), EPPI-Centre, TRIP, HEED, manual screening of references.
OUTCOME MEASURES: Any measure of hospital admission or readmission, length of stay (LoS), accident and emergency use, healthcare costs.
RESULTS: 50 reviews were included. Interventions focused on case management (n=8), chronic care model (CCM) (n=9), discharge management (n=15), complex interventions (n=3), multidisciplinary teams (MDT) (n=10) and self-management (n=5). 29 reviews reported statistically significant improvements in at least one outcome. 11/21 reviews reported significantly reduced emergency admissions (15-50%); 11/24 showed significant reductions in all-cause (10-30%) or condition-specific (15-50%) readmissions; 9/16 reported LoS reductions of 1-7 days and 4/9 showed significantly lower A&E use (30-40%). 10/25 reviews reported significant cost reductions but provided little robust evidence. Effective interventions included discharge management with postdischarge support, MDT care with teams that include condition-specific expertise, specialist nurses and/or pharmacists and self-management as an adjunct to broader interventions. Interventions were most effective when targeting single conditions such as heart failure, and when care was provided in patients' homes.
CONCLUSIONS: Although all outcomes showed some significant reductions, and a number of potentially effective interventions were found, interventions rarely demonstrated unequivocally positive effects. Despite the centrality of integrated care to current policy, questions remain about whether the magnitude of potentially achievable gains is enough to satisfy national targets for reductions in hospital activity.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42015016458.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
BACKGROUND: Optimizing body composition for healthy aging in the community is a significant challenge. There are a number of potential interventions available for older people to support both weight gain (for those who are underweight) and weight loss (for overweight or obese people). While the benefits of weight gain for underweight people are generally clearly defined, the value of weight loss in overweight or obese people is less clear, particularly for older people.
OBJECTIVES: This umbrella review aimed to measure the effectiveness of nutritional interventions for optimizing healthy body composition in older adults living in the community and to explore theirqualitative perceptions.
INCLUSION CRITERIA TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: The participants were older adults, 60 years of age or older, living in the community.
TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS: The review examinedsix types of nutritional interventions: (i) dietary programs, (ii) nutritional supplements, (iii) meal replacements, (iv) food groups, (v) food delivery support and eating behavior, and (vi) nutritional counselling or education.
TYPES OF STUDIES: This umbrella review considered any quantitative systematic reviews and meta-analyses of effectiveness, or qualitative systematic reviews, or a combination (i.e. comprehensive reviews).
TYPES OF OUTCOMES: The quantitative outcome measures of body composition were: (i) nutritional status (e.g. proportion of overweight or underweight patients); (ii) fat mass (kg), (iii) lean mass or muscle mass (kg), (iv) weight (kg) or BMI (kg/m), (v) bone mass (kg) or bone measures such as bone mineral density, and (vi) hydration status.
PHENOMENA OF INTEREST: The phenomena of interestwere the qualitative perceptions and experiences of participants.
SEARCH STRATEGY: We developed an iterative search strategy for nine bibliometric databases and gray literature.
METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: Critical appraisal of 13 studies was conducted independently in pairs using standard Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Six medium quality and seven high quality studies were identified.
DATA EXTRACTION: Data was extracted independently in pairs from all 13 included studies using the standard Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction tool.
DATA SUMMARY: Only quantitative studies of effectiveness were included. The strength of evidence assessing the effectiveness of interventionswas graded using a traffic light system (green, amber, red). An overall assessment of the quality of the evidence for each comparison was undertaken.
RESULTS: More systematic reviews investigating weight gain than those investigating weight loss were included. Studies onweight gain showed improved body composition for oral nutritional supplements on its own, for oral nutritional supplements in combination with resistance exercise training, and for oral nutritional supplements in combination with nutrition counselling. Studies on weight loss showed that diet in combination with exercise, diet in combination with exercise and nutrition counselling, and nutrition counselling on its own all can lead to reduced weight in older people. The outcomes of lean mass and weight/BMI were responsive to nutritional interventions, but fat mass did not vary. There were no qualitative reviews identified.
CONCLUSIONS: Although effective interventions for weight gain and weight loss to optimize body composition of older people in the community were identified,making long term, clinically relevant changes in body composition is difficult. Multiple interventions are more effective than single interventions.
Síntesis amplia/ Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas
ANTECEDENTES: El consumo de tabaco es la principal causa de muerte prevenible en los Estados Unidos.
OBJETIVO: Revisar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento farmacológico y las intervenciones conductuales para el abandono del tabaco.
FUENTE DE DATOS: 5 bases de datos y 8 sitios web de la organización se buscaron hasta el 1 de agosto de 2014 para las revisiones sistemáticas, y se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed al 1 de marzo de 2015 para los ensayos en los sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina.
Selección de estudios Dos revisores examinaron 114 artículos para identificar los comentarios en idioma Inglés que informaron sobre la salud, el cese o resultados adversos.
EXTRACCIÓN DE DATOS: Un revisor de datos resumidos de los comentarios calidad justa y bueno-, y una segunda verificado su exactitud.
SÍNTESIS: Cincuenta y cuatro comentarios fueron incluidos. Las intervenciones conductuales se incrementaron para dejar de fumar a los 6 meses o más (el consejo del médico tenía un ratio combinado del riesgo [RR] 1,76 [IC del 95%, 1,58 a la 1,96]). terapia de reemplazo de nicotina (RR, 1,60 [IC, 1,53-1,68]), bupropión (RR, 1,62 [IC, 1,49-1,76]), y la vareniclina (RR, 2,27 [IC, 2,02-2,55]) también fueron efectivos para dejar de fumar . intervenciones conductuales y farmacoterapia combinadas se incrementaron en un 82% el cese en comparación con una intervención mínima o la atención habitual (RR, 1,82 [IC, 1,66 a la 2.00]). Ninguno de los fármacos se asocia con los principales eventos adversos cardiovasculares. Sólo 2 ensayos abordaron la eficacia de los cigarrillos electrónicos para dejar de fumar y no encontraron beneficios. Entre las mujeres embarazadas, las intervenciones conductuales se beneficiaron cesación y la salud perinatal; efectos de la terapia de reemplazo de nicotina no fueron significativas.
LIMITACIONES: La evidencia publicada después de la fecha de la última búsqueda de cada revisión no se incluyó.
Conclusión: Las intervenciones conductuales y farmacoterapia mejorar las tasas de abandono del tabaquismo entre la población adulta en general, solo o en combinación. Los datos sobre la eficacia y la seguridad de los sistemas de suministro de nicotina electrónicos son limitados.
PRIMARIA FUENTE DE FINANCIACIÓN: Agencia para la Investigación y Calidad.
Physical activity is important for healthy ageing, however most older adults are inactive. Numerous reviews with a range of inclusion criteria have been conducted on digital interventions to promote physical activity in older adults, and a synthesis of these is needed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct an umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis on the effectiveness of digital interventions to promote physical activity in older adults.
METHODS:
Nine databases were searched from January 2010 to December 2023. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of primary studies using digital physical activity interventions to target healthy older adults or clinical populations of older adults with a self-reported or device measured physical activity outcome were eligible for inclusion.
RESULTS:
In total, 22 systematic reviews and meta-analyses covering 185 primary research papers were eligible for inclusion. The total number of participants across all primary studies was 28,198. Most (21, 95%) reviews and meta-analyses were rated as having a low or critically low AMSTAR-2 confidence rating. Of the 22 included systematic reviews, 13 (59%) conducted a meta-analysis and 10 (45%) conducted a narrative synthesis. Most systematic reviews with a narrative synthesis found strong evidence for a positive effect or moderate evidence for a positive effect for physical activity outcomes (7/9, 78%) and steps (3/3, 100%). The meta-meta-analysis of primary papers included in meta-analyses demonstrated a significant moderate effect for steps and a significant small effect for total PA and MVPA. The strength of effect did not vary by intervention components (activity tracker, app-based, SMS/phone, web-based, and face-to-face), population (primary or secondary prevention), control group (none, other digital intervention, or non-digital intervention), or outcome measurement (self-reported or device measured). Only 3 (14%) reviews included longer term follow up outcomes after the end of the intervention, with mixed results.
CONCLUSIONS:
Evidence from 22 reviews and meta-analyses suggests that digital physical activity interventions are effective at increasing physical activity in older adults. Further primary research is needed in adults 65 years and over exclusively, and with longer-term follow up of physical activity outcomes. Future reviews should include a published protocol and interpret results according to risk-of-bias.
