POSGRAD (Prenatal Omega-3 fatty acid Supplements, GRowth, And Development)
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Estudio primario

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Effects of Prenatal DHA Supplements on Infant Development

Autores Emory University
Registro de estudios clinicaltrials.gov
Año 2005
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This research study research is about the significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for human development. Specifically, the study team will assess the effect of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy on infant growth and development through a randomized controlled intervention trial in Cuernavaca, Mexico. This is a collaborative effort between the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP) and the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuernavaca, Mexico. Pregnant women attending the IMSS General Hospital I are recruited between 18-22 weeks gestation and assigned randomly to receive either DHA (400 mg) or a placebo daily until delivery. The main study outcomes include a) birth outcomes: birth size, gestational age, cord blood levels of DHA and neurodevelopment b) maternal blood and breast milk DHA levels at 1 and 3 months post-partum, c) postnatal growth and development during the first 5 years of age and d) infant DHA status at 3, 12 and 18 months.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and atopy symptoms in infants: A randomized controlled trial

Conferencia American Journal of Epidemiology
Año 2008
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Estudio primario

No clasificado

Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and atopy symptoms in infants: a randomized controlled trial.

Conferencia European Respiratory Society Annual Congress
Año 2008
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Estudio primario

No clasificado

Predictors of Cord blood IgE levels in Child: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 PUFA Supplementation During Pregnancy.

Revista Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Año 2009
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RATIONAL: The identification of factors to predict levels of IgE in cord blood might help in the early detection of atopic disorders. Objective: To identify predictors of levels of IgE in umbilical cord blood of newborns whose mothers were supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) during pregnancy. METHODS: Mothers were randomly assigned to receive daily supplement of 200 mg of DHA or placebo from week 18-22 until childbirth and IgE in umbilical cord blood (CB) samples were analyzed. Also an environmental exposure questionnaire was applied (n = 232) and specific IgE levels in maternal blood samples were determined. We ran logistic regression models to identify the main predictors of total CB IgE levels. RESULTS: The mother atopy (specific IgE) OR = 2.65 (95CI% 1.36, 5.13) and use of insecticide in home OR = 2.02 (95CI% 1.36, 5.13) were the most important predictors of IgE levels at limited detection of > = 0.1 IU/ml, being born in the spring vs summer and birth order were marginally associated (p = 0.08).CB IgE levels were not significantly related to supplementation groups. CONCLUSIONS: The main predictors of total CB IgE levels were mother atopy and use of insecticide at home.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico.

Revista Food and nutrition bulletin
Año 2010
Enlaces Pubmed DOI
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<b>BACKGROUND: </b>The need for omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during pregnancy has received much attention, but evidence of effects on birth outcomes is limited.<b>OBJECTIVE: </b>To evaluate whether prenatal DHA supplementation increases gestational age and birth size.<b>METHODS: </b>We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Cuernavaca, Mexico. We randomly assigned 1,094 pregnant women (18 to 35 years of age; median DHA dietary intake, 55 mg/day) to 400 mg/day of algal DHA or placebo from 18 to 22 weeks of gestation through delivery. Birth outcomes (968 live births and 5 stillbirths) were ascertained from hospital records within 24 hours of delivery.<b>RESULTS: </b>Intention-to-treat analysis showed no differences between the control and DHA group (all p &gt; .05) in mean gestational age (39.1 + 1.7 and 39.0 +/- 1.9 weeks, respectively), weight (3.20 + 0.47 and 3.21 +/- 0.45 kg, respectively), length (50.3 +/- 2.7 and 50.3 +/- 2.3 cm, respectively) and head circumference (34.3 +/- 1.8 and 34.3 +/- 1.5 cm, respectively) at birth. Offspring of supplemented primigravidae (n = 370) were heavier (difference, 99.4 g; 95% CI, 5.5 to 193.4) and had larger head circumferences (difference, 0.5 cm; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.9) than controls; the differences in multigravidae (n = 603) were -53.3 g (95% CI, -126.8 to 20.2) and -0.2 cm (95% CI, -0.4 to 0.1), respectively (p &lt; .05 for heterogeneity).<b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Prenatal DHA supplementation of primigravid women may result in increased birth size in a population where dietary DHA intakes are very low. Benefits of the intervention on infant health and neurodevelopment are under study.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Efecto de la suplementación prenatal con ácido docosahexaenoico en tamaño y desarrollo a los 18 mo niño: ensayo aleatorio controlado con placebo en México

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Conferencia ISSFAL. Maastricht, Netherlands
Año 2010
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Estudio primario

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Effect of prenatal supplementation with docosahexanoic acid on infant development: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial in Mexico.

Revista The FASEB Journal
Año 2010
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The omega‐3 fatty acid docosahexanoic acid (DHA) is deposited in the brain early in life and plays an important role in neural and visual function. Little is known however about the benefits of ingesting DHA supplements during pregnancy for infant development. We conducted a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of 400 mg/day algal DHA (Martek) from week 20 of gestation through delivery (n=1094 pregnant women) and followed the offspring (n=973 live births). Child development was measured in 730 children (75% of birth cohort) using the Spanish version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)‐II at 18 mo of age; we calculated standardized psychomotor development (PDI) and mental development indices (MDI). PDI and MDI scores (mean ± S.D.) were 94.3 ± 10.7 and 93.0 ± 8.9 in the DHA group (n=365) and 95.2 ± 9.3 and 93.3 ± 9.8 in the placebo group (n=365), respectively. Intent to treat differences in PDI and MDI scores at 18 mo were 0.90 (95% CI: −0.55, 2.35; p=0.23) and 0.26 (95% CI: −1.10, 1.63; p=0.70), respectively. Prenatal supplementation with 400 mg algal DHA did not result in improved global development scores at 18 mo of age in a study population (Mexico) with low intakes of DHA. Follow‐up of the cohort is ongoing. Funding: NIH (HD043099) and March of Dimes Foundation.

Estudio primario

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Postnatal growth following maternal gestational supplementation with docosahexanoic acid (DHA): randomized placebo‐controlled trial in Mexico

Revista The FASEB Journal
Año 2010
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Little is known about the long term benefits of ingesting DHA supplements during pregnancy. We have reported (Ramakrishnan et al., ICN 2009) that offspring of primiparous Mexican women who participated in a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of 400 mg/day DHA from week 20 of gestation through delivery were heavier and had larger head circumferences (HC) at birth than children whose mothers received placebo; no effect was observed in offspring of multiparous women. We have followed these children through 18 mo of age (n= 739; 76% of the birth cohort), measuring length, weight and HC at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 mo. At 18 mo, intent‐to‐treat differences between the DHA and control groups were: length −0.22 cm (95% CI −0.58, 0.14); weight −0.03 kg (−0.19, 0.13); HC 0.01 cm (−0.18, 0.21) (all p>0.05 by t‐test). To assess the overall growth pattern through age 18 mo we used GEE; intent to treat analysis showed no association (p>0.4 for each test). For all 3 measures, the treatment by parity interaction had p<0.1. Among first‐borns, estimates were: weight 0.08 kg (−0.07, 0.23): length 0.55 cm (0.14, 0.96, p<0.05): HC 0.10 cm (−0.16, 0.35); among later‐borns, estimates were: weight −0.08 kg (−0.19, 0.03); length −0.19 cm (−0.50, 0.11); HC −0.20 cm (−0.40, −0.01, p<0.05). We conclude that growth patterns through age 18 mo following prenatal DHA supplementation in a study population with low intakes of DHA differ by maternal parity.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation from mid-pregnancy to parturition influenced breast milk fatty acid concentrations at 1 month postpartum in Mexican women.

Revista The Journal of nutrition
Año 2011
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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(n-3) PUFA, including DHA, are essential for neural development and accumulate extensively in the fetal and infant brain. (n-3) PUFA concentrations in breast milk, which are largely dependent on maternal diet and tissue stores, are correlated with infant PUFA status. We investigated the effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on PUFA concentrations in breast milk at 1 mo postpartum. In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial conducted in Mexico, pregnant women were supplemented daily with 400 mg DHA or placebo from 18-22 wk gestation to parturition. Fatty acid concentrations in breast milk obtained from 174 women at 1 mo postpartum were determined using GLC and were expressed as % by weight of total detected fatty acids. Breast milk DHA concentrations in the DHA and placebo groups were (mean ± SD) 0.20 ± 0.06 and 0.17 ± 0.07 (P &lt; 0.01), respectively, and those of α-linolenic acid (ALA) were 1.38 ± 0.47 and 1.24 ± 0.46 (P = 0.01), respectively. Concentrations of EPA and arachidonic acid did not differ between groups (P &gt; 0.05). Maternal plasma DHA concentrations at 1 mo postpartum correlated positively with breast milk DHA at 1 mo postpartum in both the placebo and DHA groups (r = 0.4; P &lt; 0.01 for both treatment groups). Prenatal DHA supplementation from 18-22 wk gestation to parturition increased concentrations of DHA and ALA in breast milk at 1 mo postpartum, providing a mechanism through which breast-fed infants could benefit.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Growth to age 18 months following prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid differs by maternal gravidity in Mexico.

Revista The Journal of nutrition
Año 2011
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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Little is known about the long-term effects of DHA intake during pregnancy. Offspring of primagravid Mexican women who received 400 mg/d DHA from wk 20 of gestation through delivery were heavier and had larger head circumferences at birth than children whose mothers received placebo; no effect was observed in offspring of multigravidae. We have followed these children (n = 739; 76% of the birth cohort), measuring length, weight, and head circumference at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 mo. At 18 mo, intent-to-treat differences between placebo and DHA, adjusted for maternal height and child sex and age at measurement, were: length, -0.21 cm (95% CI = -0.58, 0.15); weight, -0.03 kg (95% CI =-0.19, 0.13); and head circumference, 0.02 cm (95% CI = -0.18, 0.21) (all P &gt; 0.05). There was heterogeneity of associations by maternal gravidity for weight (P &lt; 0.08), length (P &lt; 0.02), and head circumference (P &lt; 0.05). Among offspring of primagravid women, length at 18 mo was increased by 0.72 cm (95% CI = 0.11, 1.33) following DHA supplementation, representing 0.26 length-for-age Z-score units; among offspring of multigravidae, the estimate was -0.13 cm (95% CI = -0.59, 0.32) (P &gt; 0.5). Maternal DHA supplementation during the second half of gestation may enhance growth through 18 mo of children born to primagravid women.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Prenatal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and infant morbidity: randomized controlled trial.

Revista Pediatrics
Año 2011
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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OBJECTIVE: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influence immune function and inflammation; however, the influence of maternal DHA supplementation on infant morbidity is unknown. We investigated the effects of prenatal DHA supplementation on infant morbidity. METHODS: In a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in Mexico, pregnant women received daily supplementation with 400 mg of DHA or placebo from 18 to 22 weeks' gestation through parturition. In infants aged 1, 3, and 6 months, caregivers reported the occurrence of common illness symptoms in the preceding 15 days. RESULTS: Data were available at 1, 3, and 6 months for 849, 834, and 834 infants, respectively. The occurrence of specific illness symptoms did not differ between groups; however, the occurrence of a combined measure of cold symptoms was lower in the DHA group at 1 month (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58-1.00). At 1 month, the DHA group experienced 26%, 15%, and 30% shorter duration of cough, phlegm, and wheezing, respectively, but 22% longer duration of rash (all P ≤ .01). At 3 months, infants in the DHA group spent 14% less time ill (P < .0001). At 6 months, infants in the DHA group experienced 20%, 13%, 54%, 23%, and 25% shorter duration of fever, nasal secretion, difficulty breathing, rash, and "other illness," respectively, but 74% longer duration of vomiting (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: DHA supplementation during pregnancy decreased the occurrence of colds in children at 1 month and influenced illness symptom duration at 1, 3, and 6 months.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Auditivo y potenciales evocados visuales en los niños mexicanos no se ven afectados por la suplementación materna con 400 mg / día de ácido docosahexaenoico en la segunda mitad del embarazo.

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Revista The Journal of nutrition
Año 2012
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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Las pruebas relativas suplementación prenatal con DHA a la descendencia desarrollo neurológico es limitado. Se investigó el efecto de la suplementación con DHA prenatal en las respuestas auditivas evocadas del tronco encefálico infantiles y visual- potenciales evocados en un estudio doble ciego, ensayo controlado aleatorio en Cuernavaca, México. Las mujeres embarazadas fueron suplementados diariamente con 400 mg de DHA o placebo desde la gestación wk 18-22 través de la entrega. DHA y el grupo placebo no difirieron en las características maternas en las características de asignación al azar o de bebés al nacer. Respuestas auditivas evocadas del tronco cerebral se midieron a 1 y 3 meses en 749 y 664 infantes, respectivamente, y los potenciales evocados visuales se midieron a los 3 y 6 meses, en 679 y 817 infantes, respectivamente. Potenciales auditivos evocados del tronco cerebral izquierda-derecha se correlacionaron moderadamente (rango 0,26 a 0,43; p <0,001) y los potenciales evocados visuales izquierda-derecha estaban fuertemente correlacionados (rango, 0,79-0,94; p <0,001) dentro de cualquier evaluación. Las correlaciones a través de visitas fueron modestos a moderada (rango, 0,09-0,38; p <0,01). La descendencia de las mujeres suplementadas con DHA no difieren de los de las mujeres de control con respecto a cualquier medida de resultado (todas las comparaciones P> 0,10). Se concluye que la suplementación con DHA durante el embarazo no ha influido en las respuestas auditivas evocadas del tronco cerebral en 1 y 3 meses o potenciales evocados visuales a los 3 y 6 meses.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Prenatal determinants of cord blood total immunoglobulin E levels in Mexican newborns.

Revista Allergy and asthma proceedings
Año 2013
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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Asthma and allergic diseases have increased worldwide; however, etilogic factors for this increase are still poor. Prenatal consumptions of fatty acids are hypothesized, although few clinical trials in developing countries have been performed. This study was designed to identify predictors of immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in cord blood of Mexican newborns. Total IgE was measured in umbilical cord blood from 613 infants whose mothers participated in a double-blind randomized controlled trial of 400 mg of docosahexaenoic acid or placebo from 18 to 22 weeks gestation through delivery. During pregnancy, information on sociodemographic characteristics, environmental exposures, and perceived maternal stress were obtained; a maternal blood sample was also collected to determine atopy via specific IgE levels. Logistic regression models were used to identify the main prenatal predictors of detectable total IgE levels in cord blood. IgE was detectable in cord blood from 344 (53.7%) infants; the main predictors in multivariate analyses were maternal atopy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.69; 95% CI, 1.19-2.42; p < 0.05) and pesticide use in the home (OR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04-2.14; p < 0.05). When stratified by maternal atopy, season of birth was a significant predictor in the atopic group only (OR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.00-6.16; p < 0.05), and pesticide use was a significant predictor for infants born to nonatopic mothers (OR = 1.64; 95% CI, 1.07-2.51; p < 0.05). No differences were seen in the proportion of infants with detectable IgE by treatment group. Prenatal supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid did not alter the detectable cord blood IgE levels. Maternal atopy and pesticide use during pregnancy are strong predictors of cord blood IgE levels in newborns. Clinical trial NCT00646360, www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Modulation of DNA methylation states and infant immune system by dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFA during pregnancy in an intervention study.

Revista The American journal of clinical nutrition
Año 2013
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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BACKGROUND: Early-life exposures to tobacco smoke and some dietary factors have been identified to induce epigenetic changes in genes involved in allergy and asthma development. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake during pregnancy could modulate key cytokines and T helper (Th) cell maturation; however, little is known about the mechanism by which ω-3 PUFA could have a beneficial effect in preventing inflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVE: We sought to test whether prenatal dietary supplementation with ω-3 PUFA during pregnancy may modulate epigenetic states in the infant immune system. DESIGN: This study was based on a randomized intervention trial conducted in Mexican pregnant women supplemented daily with 400 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or a placebo from 18 to 22 wk of gestation to parturition. We applied quantitative profiling of DNA methylation states in Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T-relevant genes as well as LINE1 repetitive elements of cord blood mononuclear cells (n = 261). RESULTS: No significant difference in promoter methylation levels was shown between ω-3 PUFA-supplemented and control groups for the genes analyzed; however, ω-3 PUFA supplementation was associated with changes in methylation levels in LINE1 repetitive elements (P = 0.03) in infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Furthermore, an association between the promoter methylation levels of IFNγ and IL13 was modulated by ω-3 PUFA supplementation (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that maternal supplementation with ω-3 PUFA during pregnancy may modulate global methylation levels and the Th1/Th2 balance in infants. Therefore, the epigenetic mechanisms could provide attractive targets for prenatal modulation and prevention of inflammatory disorders and potentially other related diseases in childhood and adulthood.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acid during pregnancy modulates DNA methylation at IGF2/H19 imprinted genes and growth of infants (1120.3)

Conferencia The FASEB Journal
Año 2014
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Epigenetic regulations of imprinted genes are highly plausible explanation for the associations of dietary exposures in early life and the onset of diseases in adulthood. We tested whether prenatal dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy may modulate epigenetic states at birth in a randomized intervention trial among Mexican pregnant women supplemented daily with 400 mg of DHA or a placebo from 18 to 22 week of gestation to parturition. We applied quantitative profiling of DNA methylation states at IGF2 promoter 3 (IGF2 P3), IGF2 DMR and H19 DMR in cord blood mononuclear cells of the DHA‐supplemented group (n=131) and the control group (n=130).There were no significant differences between the DHA and the control groups for DNA methylation levels at imprinted genes; however in stratified analyses, we observed a positive association between DNA methylation levels and maternal BMI; IGF2 DMR methylation was higher in the DHA than the control groups in infants from overweight mother (p=0.03) and H19 DMR, methylation levels were significantly lower in the DHA than control groups in infants from normal weight mothers (p=0.01). Prenatal DHA supplementation modulated IGF2/H19 methylation in infants and methylation levels at IGF2/H19 imprinted regions were related with maternal BMI. Epigenetic mechanism may be modulated by DHA with potential impacts on growth and development of children.Grant Funding Source: NIH‐NICHHD (RO1HD058818), NIH (RO1HDO43099) and CONACYT Mexico (SALUD‐2008‐01‐87121)

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in children.

Revista Chest
Año 2014
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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<b>BACKGROUND: </b>Prenatal consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can act as an adjuvant in the development of the immune system and affect the inflammatory response of neonates.<b>METHODS: </b>We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Cuernavaca, Mexico. We randomly assigned 1,094 pregnant women (18-35 years of age) to receive 400 mg/d of algal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or placebo from 18 to 22 weeks of gestation through delivery. Birth outcomes and respiratory symptoms information until 18 months were available for 869 mother-child pairs. Questionnaires were administered, and maternal blood samples were obtained at baseline. Maternal atopy was based on specific IgE levels. During follow-up, information on infants' respiratory symptoms was collected through questionnaires administered at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of age. Negative binomial regression models were used to evaluate the effect of supplementation on respiratory symptoms in infants.<b>RESULTS: </b>Among infants of atopic mothers, a statistically significant protective effect of DHA treatment was observed on phlegm with nasal discharge or nasal congestion (0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.02) and fever with phlegm and nasal discharge or nasal congestion (0.53; 95% CI, 0.29-0.99), adjusting for potential confounders.<b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Our results support the hypothesis that DHA supplementation during pregnancy may decrease the incidence of respiratory symptoms in children with a history of maternal atopy.<b>Trial Registry: </b>ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00646360; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acid during pregnancy modulates DNA methylation at IGF2/H19 imprinted genes and growth of infants.

Revista Physiological genomics
Año 2014
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Epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes is regarded as a highly plausible explanation for linking dietary exposures in early life with the onset of diseases during childhood and adulthood. We sought to test whether prenatal dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy may modulate epigenetic states at birth. This study was based on a randomized intervention trial conducted in Mexican pregnant women supplemented daily with 400 mg of DHA or a placebo from gestation week 18-22 to parturition. We applied quantitative profiling of DNA methylation states at IGF2 promoter 3 (IGF2 P3), IGF2 differentially methylated region (DMR), and H19 DMR in cord blood mononuclear cells of the DHA-supplemented group (n = 131) and the control group (n = 130). In stratified analyses, DNA methylation levels in IGF2 P3 were significantly higher in the DHA group than the control group in preterm infants (P = 0.04). We also observed a positive association between DNA methylation levels and maternal body mass index; IGF2 DMR methylation was higher in the DHA group than the control group in infants of overweight mothers (P = 0.03). In addition, at H19 DMR, methylation levels were significantly lower in the DHA group than the control group in infants of normal weight mothers (P = 0.01). Finally, methylation levels at IGF2/H19 imprinted regions were associated with maternal BMI. These findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may be modulated by DHA, with potential impacts on child growth and development.

Estudio primario

No clasificado

Prenatal Supplementation with Docosahexaenoic Acid Has No Effect on Growth through 60 Months of Age.

Revista The Journal of nutrition
Año 2015
Enlaces Pubmed DOI PubMed Central
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<b>BACKGROUND: </b>Prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to increase birth size, but it is unclear whether these differences translate into improved postnatal growth.<b>OBJECTIVE: </b>We assessed the effect of prenatal supplementation with DHA on offspring weight, length, and body mass index (BMI) through 60 mo of age.<b>METHODS: </b>We examined growth patterns (height, weight, and BMI) in a cohort of 802 Mexican children whose mothers participated in a randomized, controlled trial of daily supplementation with 400 mg/d of DHA or a placebo from week 18-22 of gestation through delivery, with the use of a longitudinal multilevel model of growth.<b>RESULTS: </b>Overall, means ± SDs of height-, weight-, and BMI-for-age z scores relative to WHO growth standards at 60 mo were -0.49 ± 0.91, -1.15 ± 1.07 and 0.13 ± 1.11, respectively. There were no significant differences by treatment group (all P &gt; 0.05) for height, weight, or BMI at any age through 60 mo. Similarly, DHA did not affect the average growth or the trajectories for these measures through 60 mo.<b>CONCLUSION: </b>Prenatal DHA supplementation did not affect height, weight, or BMI through 60 mo of age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00646360.