Broad syntheses related to this topic

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Broad synthesis

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Journal International journal of technology assessment in health care
Year 2013
OBJECTIFS: En raison d'un risque élevé de thromboembolie chez les patients subissant une chirurgie orthopédique majeure, il est devenu pratique courante de donner un traitement thromboembolique. Nous avons évalué l'efficacité relative et la rentabilité de deux nouveaux anticoagulants oraux, le rivaroxaban et le dabigatran, par rapport à l'énoxaparine sous-cutanée pour la prévention de la thromboembolie après remplacement total de la hanche (PTH) et la chirurgie de remplacement total du genou (PTG). MÉTHODES: Nous avons effectué une revue systématique de la littérature pour évaluer l'efficacité et la sécurité, et la qualité de la documentation évaluée en utilisant GRADE. Rapport coût-efficacité a été évaluée par l'élaboration d'un modèle de décision. Le modèle combiné deux modules; un arbre de décision pour la prophylaxie à court terme et un modèle de Markov pour les complications à long terme et le gain de survie. RÉSULTATS: Pour rivaroxaban par rapport à l'énoxaparine, nous avons constaté une diminution statistiquement significative de la thrombose veineuse profonde, mais aussi une tendance à l'augmentation du risque de saignement majeur. Pour la mortalité et l'embolie pulmonaire, il n'y avait pas de différences statistiquement significatives entre les traitements. On n'a pas trouvé de différences statistiquement significatives entre le dabigatran et l'énoxaparine pour nos efficacité et de sécurité des résultats. En supposant une volonté de payer des EUR62,500 par QALY, rivaroxaban après PTH avait une probabilité de 38 pour cent, et l'énoxaparine suivante TKR avait une probabilité de 34 pour cent d'être rentable. L'efficacité clinique a eu le plus grand impact sur la prise de l'incertitude. CONCLUSIONS: dabigatran et rivaroxaban sont comparables à l'énoxaparine après PTH et PTG concernant l'efficacité et la sécurité des résultats. Cependant, il existe une grande incertitude quant à quelle stratégie est rentable, le plus. Plus de recherche sur l'efficacité clinique du rivaroxaban et le dabigatran est susceptible de changer nos résultats.

Broad synthesis / Guideline

Unclassified

Journal Chest
Year 2012
This article describes the pharmacology of approved parenteral anticoagulants. These include the indirect anticoagulants, unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), fondaparinux, and danaparoid, as well as the direct thrombin inhibitors hirudin, bivalirudin, and argatroban. UFH is a heterogeneous mixture of glycosaminoglycans that bind to antithrombin via a unique pentasaccharide sequence and catalyze the inactivation of thrombin, factor Xa, and other clotting enzymes. Heparin also binds to cells and plasma proteins other than antithrombin causing unpredictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and triggering nonhemorrhagic side effects, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and osteoporosis. LMWHs have greater inhibitory activity against factor Xa than thrombin and exhibit less binding to cells and plasma proteins than heparin. Consequently, LMWH preparations have more predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, have a longer half-life than heparin, and are associated with a lower risk of nonhemorrhagic side effects. LMWHs can be administered once daily or bid by subcutaneous injection, without coagulation monitoring. Based on their greater convenience, LMWHs have replaced UFH for many clinical indications. Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide, catalyzes the inhibition of factor Xa, but not thrombin, in an antithrombin-dependent fashion. Fondaparinux binds only to antithrombin. Therefore, fondaparinux-associated HIT or osteoporosis is unlikely to occur. Fondaparinux exhibits complete bioavailability when administered subcutaneously, has a longer half-life than LMWHs, and is given once daily by subcutaneous injection in fixed doses, without coagulation monitoring. Three additional parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and danaparoid are approved as alternatives to heparin in patients with HIT.

Broad synthesis

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Signaler Buenos Aires: Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS). Informe de Respuesta Rápida N° 274.
Year 2012

Broad synthesis / Guideline

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BACKGROUND: This guideline addresses the management of patients who are receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and require an elective surgery or procedure. METHODS: The methods herein follow those discussed in the Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines article of this supplement. RESULTS: In patients requiring vitamin K antagonist (VKA) interruption before surgery, we recommend stopping VKAs 5 days before surgery instead of a shorter time before surgery (Grade 1B). In patients with a mechanical heart valve, atrial fibrillation, or VTE at high risk for thromboembolism, we suggest bridging anticoagulation instead of no bridging during VKA interruption (Grade 2C); in patients at low risk, we suggest no bridging instead of bridging (Grade 2C). In patients who require a dental procedure, we suggest continuing VKAs with an oral prohemostatic agent or stopping VKAs 2 to 3 days before the procedure instead of alternative strategies (Grade 2C). In moderate- to high-risk patients who are receiving acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and require noncardiac surgery, we suggest continuing ASA around the time of surgery instead of stopping ASA 7 to 10 days before surgery (Grade 2C). In patients with a coronary stent who require surgery, we recommend deferring surgery > 6 weeks after bare-metal stent placement and > 6 months after drug-eluting stent placement instead of undertaking surgery within these time periods (Grade 1C); in patients requiring surgery within 6 weeks of bare-metal stent placement or within 6 months of drug-eluting stent placement, we suggest continuing antiplatelet therapy perioperatively instead of stopping therapy 7 to 10 days before surgery (Grade 2C). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative antithrombotic management is based on risk assessment for thromboembolism and bleeding, and recommended approaches aim to simplify patient management and minimize adverse clinical outcomes.