Furuhjelm 2009
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A randomised placebo controlled study of omega-3-fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and lactation

會議 Allergy
Year 2007
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A randomised placebo controlled study of maternal n-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and lactation

會議 Allergy
Year 2008
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The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on maternal eicosanoid, cytokine, and chemokine secretion

期刊 Pediatric research
Year 2009
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The incidence of allergic diseases has increased, and a relation between allergy and dietary fatty acids has been proposed. Modulation of the maternal immune function during pregnancy may have an impact on future clinical outcomes in the child. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of omega (ω)-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation during pregnancy on the plasma fatty acid composition in relation to the maternal immune function. Pregnant women with allergic disease in their immediate family were supplemented daily with 2.7 g ω-3 LCPUFA (n = 70) or 2.8 g soybean oil as placebo (n = 75) from the 25th gestational week. The proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in plasma/serum phospholipids increased in the ω-3-supplemented group, whereas arachidonic acid decreased during intervention. Lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 secretion from whole blood culture supernatants (n = 59) decreased in a majority of the ω-3-supplemented mothers (18 of 28, p = 0.002). The decreased prostaglandin E2 production was more pronounced among nonatopic than atopic mothers. The lipopolysaccharideinduced cytokine and chemokine secretion was not affected. Our results indicate that ω-3 LCPUFA supplementation during the last trimester may dampen certain immune responses involved in allergic inflammation. Copyright © 2009 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.

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鱼在孕期和哺乳期油补充，可降低婴儿过敏风险。

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期刊 Acta paediatrica
Year 2009
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产妇摄入的omega-3（ω-3）多不饱和脂肪酸（多不饱和脂肪酸）在怀孕期间有所下降，可能促使当前儿童过敏症的风险增加。目的：描述产妇ω-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸在婴儿过敏性疾病的发病率在怀孕期间和哺乳期的补充作用。方法：一百四十五个孕妇，过敏自己或丈夫或以前的孩子有过敏体质的影响，包括在一项随机安慰剂对照试验。每日使用1.6克二十碳五烯酸二十二碳六烯酸和1.1 g或安慰剂的产妇补充了来自25个（次）孕周平均3-4个月的母乳喂养。进行皮肤点刺试验，循环特异性免疫球蛋白E（IgE）的抗体检测和婴幼儿的临床检查。结果：食物过敏的时期患病率为ω-3组（1/52，2％）相比，安慰剂组（10/65，15％，P <0.05），以及IgE的相关的发病率较低湿疹（ω-3组：4/52，8％，安慰剂组：15/63，24％，P <0.05）。结论：产妇ω-3脂肪酸补充剂可降低食物过敏的风险和IgE的相关湿疹与过敏性疾病家族史的婴儿在生命的第一年。

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Th1 and Th2 chemokines, vaccine-induced immunity, and allergic disease in infants after maternal ω-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and lactation.

期刊 Pediatric research
Year 2011
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We investigated whether the previously reported preventive effect of maternal ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on IgE-associated allergic disease in infancy may be mediated by facilitating a balanced circulating Th2/Th1 chemokine profile in the infant. Vaccine-induced immune responses at 2 y of age were also evaluated. Pregnant women, at risk of having an allergic infant, were randomized to daily supplementation with 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid or placebo from the 25th gestational week through 3.5 mo of breastfeeding. Infant plasma was analyzed for chemokines (cord blood, 3, 12, 24 mo) and anti-tetanus and anti-diphtheria IgG (24 mo). High Th2-associated CC-chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17) levels were associated with infant allergic disease (p < 0.05). In infants without, but not with, maternal history of allergy, the ω-3 supplementation was related to lower CCL17/CXC-chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11) (Th2/Th1) ratios (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in nonallergic, but not in allergic infants, ω-3 supplementation was linked with higher Th1-associated CXCL11 levels (p < 0.05), as well as increased IgG titers to diphtheria (p = 0.01) and tetanus (p = 0.05) toxins. Thus, the prospect of balancing the infant immune system toward a less Th2-dominated response, by maternal ω-3 fatty acid supplementation, seems to be influenced by allergic status.

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Allergic disease in infants up to 2 years of age in relation to plasma omega-3 fatty acids and maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation.

期刊 Pediatric allergy and immunology
Year 2011
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We have previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) supplementation in pregnancy and lactation on IgE-associated eczema and food allergy in the infant during the first year of life. Here we investigate whether the effects of the LCPUFA supplementation on IgE-associated diseases last up to 2 yr of age and assess the relationship between plasma proportions of ω-3 PUFAs and the frequency and severity of infant allergic disease. 145 pregnant women, at risk of having an allergic infant, were randomized to daily supplementation with 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or placebo starting in the 25th gestational week and continuing through 3.5 months of breastfeeding. Clinical examinations, skin prick tests and analysis of maternal and infant plasma phospholipid fatty acids and infant specific IgE were performed. No difference in the prevalence of allergic symptoms was found between the intervention groups. The cumulative incidence of IgE-associated disease was lower in the ω-3-supplemented group (6/54, 13%) compared with the placebo group (19/62, 30%, p=0.01). Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were associated with lower prevalence of IgE associated disease (p=0.01-0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Higher maternal and infant proportions of DHA and EPA were found if the infants presented none, when compared with multiple allergic symptoms, (p<0.05) regardless of sensitization. In summary, the ω-3 supplementation offered no obvious preventive effect on the prevalence of clinical symptoms of allergic disease, but the decrease in cumulative incidence of IgE-associated disease seen during the first year still remained until 2 yr of age. Furthermore, high proportions of DHA and EPA in maternal and infant plasma phospholipids were associated with less IgE-associated disease and a reduced severity of the allergic phenotype.