Background: BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), caused by infection with or reactivation of BK virus, remains a challenge in kidney transplantation. Screening is recommended for all kidney transplant recipients. For those with clinically significant infection, reduction of immunosuppression is the cornerstone of management. There is no specific antiviral or immunomodulatory therapy sufficiently effective for routine use. Objectives: This review aimed to examine the benefits and harms of interventions for BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 5 September 2024 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies investigating any intervention for the treatment or prevention of BKVAN for kidney transplant recipients. Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed the study quality and extracted data. Summary estimates of effect were obtained using a random-effects model, and results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) and 95% CI for continuous outcomes. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Main results: Twelve RCTs (2669 randomised participants) were included. Six studies were undertaken in single centres, and six were multicentre studies; two of these were international studies. The ages of those participating ranged from 44 to 57 years. The length of follow-up ranged from three months to five years. All studies included people with a kidney transplant, and three studies included people with signs of BK viraemia. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of the type of interventions and outcomes assessed. The overall risk of bias was low or unclear. Intensive screening for the early detection of BK viraemia or BK viruria prevents graft loss (1 study, 908 participants: RR 0.00, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.05) and decreases the presence of decoy cells and viraemia at 12 months (1 study, 908 participants: RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.11) compared to routine care (high certainty evidence). No other outcomes were reported. Compared to placebo, fluoroquinolones may slightly reduce the risk of graft loss (3 studies, 393 participants: RR 0.37, CI 0.09 to 1.57; I2 = 0%; low certainty evidence), probably makes little or no difference to donor-specific antibodies (DSA), may make little or no difference to BK viraemia and death, had uncertain effects on BKVAN and malignancy, but may increase the risk of tendonitis (2 studies, 193 participants: RR 5.66, CI 1.02 to 31.32; I2 = 0%; low certainty evidence). Compared to tacrolimus (TAC), cyclosporin (CSA) probably makes little or no difference to graft loss and death, may make little or no difference to BKVAN and malignancy, but probably decreases BK viraemia (2 studies, 263 participants: RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.41; I2 = 38%) and probably reduces the risk of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (1 study, 200 participants: RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.35) (both moderate certainty evidence). Compared to azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) probably makes little or no difference to graft loss and BK viraemia but probably reduces the risk of death (1 study, 133 participants: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.16) and malignancy (1 study, 199 participants: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.16) (both moderate certainty evidence). Compared to mycophenolate sodium (MPS), CSA has uncertain effects on graft loss and death, may make little or no difference to BK viraemia, but may reduce BKVAN (1 study, 224 participants: RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.20; low certainty evidence). Compared to immunosuppression dose reduction, MMF or TAC conversion to everolimus or sirolimus may make little or no difference to graft loss, BK viraemia or BKVAN (low certainty evidence). TAC conversion to sirolimus probably results in more people having a reduced BK viral load (< 600 copies/mL) than immunosuppression reduction (1 study, 30 participants: RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.89; moderate certainty evidence). Compared to MPS, everolimus had uncertain effects on graft loss and BK viraemia, may reduce BKVAN (1 study, 135 participants: 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.11) and may increase the risk of death (1 study, 135 participants: RR 3.71, 95% CI 0.20 to 67.35) (both low certainty evidence). Compared to CSA, everolimus may make little or no difference to BK viraemia, has uncertain effects on graft loss and BKVAN, but may increase the risk of death (1 study, 185 participants: RR 3.71, 95% CI 0.42 to 32.55; low certainty evidence). Compared to immunosuppression reduction, the leflunomide derivative FK778 may make little or no difference to graft loss, probably results in a greater reduction in plasma BK viral load (1 study, 44 participants: -0.60 copies/µL, 95% CI -1.22 to 0.02; moderate certainty evidence), but had uncertain effects on BKVAN and malignancy. Aggravated hypertension may be increased with KF778 (1 study, 46 participants: RR 8.23, 95% CI 0.50 to 135.40; low certainty evidence). There were no deaths in either group. Authors' conclusions: Intense monitoring early after transplantation for BK viruria and BK viraemia is effective in improving BK virus infection outcomes as it helps with early detection of the infection and allows for a timely reduction in immunosuppression reduction. There is insufficient evidence to support any other intervention for BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients.
BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for many patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) with an improvement in survival rates and satisfactory short term graft survival. However, there has been little improvement in long-term survival. The place of target of rapamycin inhibitors (TOR-I) (sirolimus, everolimus), which have different modes of action from other commonly used immunosuppressive agents, in kidney transplantation remains uncertain. This is an update of a review first published in 2006.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the short and long-term benefits and harms of TOR-I (sirolimus and everolimus) when used in primary immunosuppressive regimens for kidney transplant recipients.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 20 September 2019 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register were identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.
SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in which drug regimens, containing TOR-I commenced within seven days of transplant, were compared to alternative drug regimens, were included without age restriction, dosage or language of report.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently assessed study eligibility, risk of bias, and extracted data. Results were reported as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) with 95% CI for continuous outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed using the random-effects model. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using GRADE MAIN RESULTS: Seventy studies (17,462 randomised participants) were included; eight studies included two comparisons to provide 78 comparisons. Outcomes were reported at six months to three years post transplant. Risk of bias was judged to be low for sequence generation in 25 studies, for allocation concealment in 23 studies, performance bias in four studies, detection bias in 65 studies, attrition bias in 45 studies, selective reporting bias in 48 studies, and for other potential bias in three studies. Risk of bias was judged to be at high risk of bias for sequence generation in two studies, allocation concealment in two studies, performance bias in 61 studies, detection bias in one study, attrition bias in four studies, for selective reporting bias in 11 studies and for other potential risk of bias in 46 studies. Compared with CNI and antimetabolite, TOR-I with antimetabolite probably makes little or no difference to death (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.98; 19 studies) or malignancies (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.48; 10 studies); probably increases graft loss censored for death (RR 1.32, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.81; 15 studies), biopsy-proven acute rejection (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.04; 15 studies), need to change treatment (RR 2.42, 95% CI 1.88 to 3.11; 14 studies) and wound complications (RR 2.56, 95% CI 1.94 to 3.36; 12 studies) (moderate certainty evidence); but reduces CMV infection (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.63; 13 studies) (high certainty evidence). Compared with antimetabolites and CNI, TOR-I with CNI probably makes little or no difference to death (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.33; 31 studies), graft loss censored for death (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.45; 26 studies), biopsy-proven acute rejection (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.12; 24 studies); and malignancies (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.07; 17 studies); probably increases the need to change treatment (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.90; 25 studies), and wound complications (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.91; 17 studies); but probably reduces CMV infection (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.58; 25 studies) (moderate certainty evidence). Lower dose TOR-I and standard dose CNI compared with higher dose TOR-I and reduced dose CNI probably makes little or no difference to death (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.78; 9 studies), graft loss censored for death (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.20; 8 studies), biopsy-proven acute rejection (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.13; 8 studies), and CMV infection (RR 1.42, 95% CI 0.78 to 2.60; 5 studies) (moderate certainty evidence); and may make little or no difference to wound complications (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.71; 3 studies), malignancies (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.36 to 3.04; 7 studies), and the need to change treatments (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.42; 5 studies) (low certainty evidence). Lower dose of TOR-I compared with higher doses probably makes little or no difference to death (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.06; 13 studies), graft loss censored for death (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.19; 12 studies), biopsy-proven acute rejection (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.43; 11 studies), CMV infection (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.21; 9 studies), wound complications (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.29; 7 studies), and malignancy (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.32; 10 studies) (moderate certainty evidence); and may make little or no difference to the need to change treatments (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.05; 10 studies) (low certainty evidence). It is uncertain whether sirolimus and everolimus differ in their effects on kidney function and lipid levels because the certainty of the evidence is very low based on a single small study with only three months of follow-up.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In studies with follow-up to three years, TOR-I with an antimetabolite increases the risk of graft loss and acute rejection compared with CNI and an antimetabolite. TOR-I with CNI potentially offers an alternative to an antimetabolite with CNI as rates of graft loss and acute rejection are similar between interventions and TOR-I regimens are associated with a reduced risk of CMV infections. Wound complications and the need to change immunosuppressive medications are higher with TOR-I regimens. While further new studies are not required, longer-term follow-up data from participants in existing methodologically robust RCTs are needed to determine how useful immunosuppressive regimens, which include TOR-I, are in maintaining kidney transplant function and survival beyond three years.
IMPORTANCE: Follow-up of participants in randomized trials may be limited by logistic and financial factors. Some important randomized trials have been extended well beyond their original follow-up period by linkage of individual participant information to routinely collected data held in administrative records and registries.
OBJECTIVE: To perform a scoping review of randomized clinical trials extended by record linkage to characterize this literature and explore any additional insights into treatment effectiveness provided by long-term follow-up using record linkage.
DATA SOURCES: A literature search in Embase, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials was performed for the period January 1, 1945, through November 25, 2016.
STUDY SELECTION: Various combinations of search terms were used, as there is no accepted terminology. Determination of study eligibility and extraction of information about trial characteristics and outcomes, for both original and extended trial reports, were performed in duplicate.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Assessment of study eligibility and data extraction were performed independently by 2 reviewers. All analyses were descriptive.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes in the pairs of original and extended trials were categorized according to whether any benefits or harms from interventions were sustained, were lost, or emerged during long-term follow-up.
RESULTS: A total of 113 extended trials were included in the study. Linkage to administrative and registry data extended follow-up by between 1 and 55 years. The most common interventions were pharmaceuticals (47 [41.6%]), surgery (19 [16.8%]), and disease screening (19 [16.8%]). End points most frequently studied through record linkage included mortality (88 [77.9%]), cancer (41 [36.3%]), and cardiovascular events (37 [32.7%]). One hundred four trial extensions (92.0%) were analyzed according to the original trial randomization. The reports provided details of 155 analyses of study outcomes. Seventy-four analyses (47.7%) identified statistically significant benefits in the trial extension phase. In 21 of these (28.4%), benefits were significant only in this period. Null results in both the original and extended trials were seen in 34 of the analyses (21.9%). Loss of significant benefits of an intervention were seen in 12 analyses (7.7%). Statistically significant harms were seen in 16 trial extension analyses (10.3%), and in 14 of these (87.5%), the harms were significant only in the trial extension phase.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Trial extension by linkage to routinely collected data is a versatile underused approach that may add critical insights beyond those of the original trial. Some beneficial and harmful outcomes of interventions are captured only in the extension phase of randomized trials.
BACKGROUND: mTOR-Is positively influence the occurrence and course of certain tumors after solid organ transplantation. The effect of mTOR-Is on the overall incidence of tumors irrespective of their origin is not entirely clear. Furthermore, conflicting data have been shown on mortality under mTOR-Is.
METHODS: The current literature was searched for prospective randomized controlled renal transplantation trials. There were 1415 trials screened of which 13 could be included (pts. = 5924). A minimum follow-up of 24 months was mandatory for inclusion. Incidence of malignancies and patient survival was assessed in meta-analyses.
RESULTS: The average follow-up of all trials was 40.6 months. Malignancy was significantly reduced under mTOR-Is compared to CNIs (RR 0.70, CI 0.49-0.99, p = 0.046). This effect remained stable when combined with CNIs (RR 0.58, CI 0.34-1.00, p = 0.05). When NMSCs were excluded the risk for malignancy remained significantly reduced under mTOR-I therapy (mono and combi) (RR 0.43, CI 0.24-0.77, p = 0.0046). Graft survival was minimally decreased under mTOR-Is (RR 0.99, CI 0.98-1.00, p = 0.054). This effect was abrogated when mTOR-Is were combined with CNIs (RR 0.99, CI 0.97-1.02, p = 0.50). Patient survival was not different (RR 1.00, CI 0.99-1.01, p = 0.54).
CONCLUSIONS: Posttransplant patients have a lower incidence of malignancy when treated with an mTOR-I no matter if it is used in combination with CNIs or not. This beneficial effect remains significant even when NMSCs are excluded. With currently used mTOR-I-based regimen patient and graft survival is not different compared to CNI therapies.
BACKGROUND: Conversion to everolimus is often used in kidney transplantation to overcome calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity but there is conflicting evidence for this approach.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the benefits and harm from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) involving the conversion from CNI to everolimus after kidney transplantation.
METHODS: Databases were searched up to March 2016. Two reviewers independently assessed trials for eligibility and quality, and extracted data. Results are expressed as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
RESULTS: Eleven RCTs, with a total of 1,633 patients, met the final inclusion criteria. Patients converted to everolimus had improved renal function at 1 year posttransplant with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 5.36 mL/min per 1.73 m2 greater than patients remaining on CNI (p = 0.0005) and the longer-term results (> 1 year) of renal function was identical to that of 1 year. There was not a substantial difference in graft loss, mortality, and the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) or serious AEs. However, the risks of acute rejection and trial termination due to AEs with everolimus are respectively 1.82 and 2.63 times greater than patients staying on CNI at 1 year posttransplant (p = 0.02, p = 0.03, respectively). Further, those patients who converted to everolimus had a substantially greater risk of anemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypokalemia, proteinuria, stomatitis, mouth ulceration, and acne.
CONCLUSIONS: Conversion from CNI to everolimus after kidney transplantation is associated with improved renal function in the first 5 years posttransplant but increases the risk of acute rejection at 1 year posttransplant and may not be well endured.
AIM: To consolidate the present evidence of effectiveness in renal functioning and graft survival following early introduction of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors with or without calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) in renal transplant recipients.
METHODS: We analysed the current literature following PROSPERO approval describing the role of immunosuppressive agent, mTOR inhibitors as an alternative to CNI within six months of renal transplant by searching the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Crossref, and Scopus using MeSH terms.
RESULTS: Six articles of early withdrawal of CNI and introduction of mTOR-inhibitors within six months of renal transplantation were sought. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum creatinine were significantly better in mTOR inhibitor group with equivalent survival at 12 mo, even though Biopsy Proven Acute rejection was significantly higher in mTOR-inhibitor group.
CONCLUSION: The evidence reviewed in this meta-analysis suggests that early introduction mTOR-inhibitors substantial CNI minimization. The mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus and sirolimus, due to their complementary mechanism of action and favourable nephrotoxicity profile; better glomerular filtration, lower serum creatinine with equivalent survival. Having said that, due to the higher rejection rate, may influence the use of these regimens to patients with moderate to high immunological risk patients.
JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este metaanálisis es comparar las incidencias de citomegalovirus y las infecciones por virus de polioma BK en receptores de trasplante renal que reciben un objetivo de mamífero del régimen basado en inhibidores de rapamicina (mTOR) en comparación con un régimen basado en inhibidores de calcineurina. DISEÑO, AJUSTE, PARTICIPANTES Y MEDIDAS: Realizamos una búsqueda exhaustiva de ensayos controlados y aleatorios hasta enero de 2016 que abordan nuestro objetivo. Otros resultados incluyeron rechazo agudo, pérdida de injerto, eventos adversos graves, proteinuria, complicaciones de cicatrización de la herida, y eGFR. Dos revisores seleccionaron los estudios elegibles, los datos resumidos y evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo. Evaluamos la calidad de la evidencia utilizando la metodología de evaluación, desarrollo y evaluación de calificación de recomendaciones. Resultados Se incluyeron 28 ensayos controlados aleatorios con 6211 participantes clasificados en comparación 1: inhibidor de mTOR frente a inhibidor de calcineurina y comparación 2: inhibidor de mTOR más dosis reducida de inhibidor de calcineurina frente a dosis regular de inhibidor de calcineurina. Los resultados mostraron una menor incidencia de infección por citomegalovirus en el grupo con inhibidores de mTOR, tanto en la comparación 1 (relación de riesgo, 0,54; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 0,41 a 0,72), con alta calidad de la evidencia y comparación 2 (razón de riesgo de 0,43; Intervalo de confianza, 0,24 a 0,80), con una calidad moderada de la evidencia. La evidencia disponible no confirmó ni descartó una reducción de la infección por el virus del polioma BK en el grupo con inhibidores de mTOR en ambas comparaciones. Los resultados secundarios revelaron eventos adversos más graves y rechazos agudos en el grupo con inhibidores de mTOR en comparación 1 y ninguna diferencia en la comparación 2. No hubo diferencias en la pérdida de injerto en ambas comparaciones. La eGFR fue mayor en el grupo basado en el inhibidor de mTOR en comparación 1 (diferencia media = 4,07 ml / min por 1,73 m (2), intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,34 a 6,80) y similar al grupo con inhibidores de la calcineurina en comparación 2. Se produjeron más proteinuria y complicaciones de curación de heridas en los grupos basados en inhibidores de mTOR. Conclusiones. Se encontró evidencia de moderada a alta calidad de riesgo reducido de infección por citomegalovirus en receptores de trasplante renal en el inhibidor basado en mTOR en comparación con el régimen basado en inhibidores de calcineurina. Nuestra revisión también sugirió que una combinación de un inhibidor mTOR y una dosis reducida de inhibidor de la calcineurina puede estar asociada con eGFR similar y las tasas de rechazos agudos y eventos adversos graves en comparación con un régimen estándar basado en inhibidores de la calcineurina a expensas de una mayor incidencia de proteinuria Y complicaciones de cicatrización de heridas.
Los inhibidores de la calcineurina (CNI) pueden reducir el rechazo agudo del trasplante y la pérdida inmediata del injerto, pero están asociados con efectos adversos significativos como la hipertensión y la nefrotoxicidad que pueden contribuir al rechazo crónico. La toxicidad de la CNI ha conducido a numerosos estudios que investigan la retirada de la CNI y las estrategias de reducción progresiva. A pesar de esto, la incertidumbre permanece sobre la minimización o retirada de CNI. OBJETIVOS: Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar los beneficios y los daños de la disminución o retirada de la CNI en términos de función y pérdida del injerto, incidencia de episodios de rechazo agudo, efectos secundarios relacionados con el tratamiento (hipertensión, hiperlipidemia) y muerte. Métodos de búsqueda: Se realizaron búsquedas en el registro especializado de riñones y trasplantes Cochrane a 11 de octubre de 2016 a través del contacto con el especialista en información utilizando los términos de búsqueda relevantes para esta revisión. Los estudios contenidos en el Registro Especializado se identifican a través de estrategias de búsqueda diseñadas específicamente para CENTRAL, MEDLINE y EMBASE; Procedimientos de conferencia de mano; Y buscar en el portal de búsqueda del International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) y ClinicalTrials.gov. Se incluyeron todos los ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) en los que se incluyeron los regímenes de fármaco que contenían CNI en comparación con regímenes de fármacos alternativos (retirada de CNI, disminución o dosis baja) en el período posterior al trasplante, sin restricción de edad ni dosis. Dos autores evaluaron de forma independiente los estudios de elegibilidad, riesgo de sesgo y datos extraídos. Los resultados se expresaron como razón de riesgo (RR) o diferencia de medias (MD) con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC). Se incluyeron 83 estudios en los que participaron 16.156 participantes. La mayoría fueron estudios abiertos; Menos del 30% de los estudios informaron el método de asignación al azar y el ocultamiento de la asignación. Los estudios se analizaron como intención de tratar en el 60% y todos los resultados pre-especificados se informaron en 54 estudios. El sesgo de deserción y notificación no estaban claros en el resto de los estudios, ya que los factores utilizados para juzgar el sesgo se informaron de manera inconsistente. También se observó que el 50% (47 estudios) de los estudios fueron financiados por la industria farmacéutica. Se clasificaron los estudios en cuatro grupos: retirada o evitación de la CNI con o sin sustitución con el objetivo mamífero de los inhibidores de la rapamicina (mTOR-I); Y una dosis baja de CNI con o sin mTOR-I. La retirada de ICC puede conducir al rechazo (RR 2,54; IC del 95%: 1,56 a 4,12; evidencia de certeza moderada), puede tener poca o ninguna diferencia con respecto a la muerte (RR 1,09, 95 % CI 0,96 a 1,24, certidumbre moderada), y probablemente reduce ligeramente la pérdida del injerto (RR 0,85; IC del 95%: 0,74 a 0,98; evidencia de baja calidad). La disminución de la hipertensión se redujo probablemente en el grupo de retirada de CNI (RR 0,82, IC del 95%: 0,71 a 0,95, baja certeza), mientras que la retirada de la CNI puede hacer poca o ninguna diferencia en la neoplasia maligna (RR 1,10, IC 95% (RR 0,87; IC del 95%: 0,52 a 1,45; baja certeza) la evitación de la CNI puede resultar en un mayor rechazo agudo (RR 2,16, IC del 95%: 0,85 a 5,49, baja certeza) pero poco O ninguna diferencia en la pérdida del injerto (RR 0,96; IC del 95%: 0,79 a 1,16; baja certeza). La retirada tardía de la CNI aumentó el rechazo agudo (RR 3,21, IC del 95%: 1,59 a 6,48, certidumbre moderada), pero probablemente redujo la pérdida del injerto (RR 0,84, IC del 95%: 0,72 a 0,97, certezas bajas). Con la introducción de mTOR-I; Probablemente el rechazo agudo aumentó (RR 1,43, IC del 95%: 1,15 a 1,78, certeza moderada) y probablemente hubo poca o ninguna diferencia en la mortalidad (RR 0,96; IC del 95%: 0,69 a 1,36, certeza moderada). La sustitución de mTOR-I puede hacer poca o ninguna diferencia en la pérdida de injerto (RR 0,94, IC del 95%: 0,75 a 1,19, baja certeza), probablemente no hace ninguna diferencia con la hipertensión (RR 0,86; IC del 95%: 0,64 a 1,15; Y probablemente redujo el riesgo de citomegalovirus (RR 0,60, IC del 95%: 0,44 a 0,82, certeza moderada) y malignidad (RR 0,69, IC del 95%: 0,47 a 1,00, baja certeza). Los linfoceles se incrementaron con la sustitución de mTOR-I (RR 1,45, IC del 95%: 0,95 a 2,21, baja certeza) .La baja dosis de CNI combinada con mTOR-I probablemente aumentó la tasa de filtración glomerular (DF) (MD 6,24 ml / min, IC del 95% (RR 0,75; IC del 95%: 0,55 a 1,02; certeza moderada), e hizo poca o ninguna diferencia con el rechazo agudo (RR 1,13; IC del 95%: 0,91 a 1,40; certeza moderada). La hipertensión se redujo (RR 0,98, IC del 95%: 0,80 a 1,20, baja certeza), como fue CMV (RR 0,41, IC del 95%: 0,16 a 1,06, baja certeza). Las dosis bajas de CNI más mTOR-I hacen probablemente poco de diferencia en la malignidad (RR 1,22, IC del 95%: 0,42 a 3,53, baja certeza) y pueden hacer muy poca diferencia con la muerte (RR 1,16, IC del 95%: 0,71 a 1,90; Certidumbre moderada). CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES: La evitación de CNI aumentó el rechazo agudo y la retirada de la CNI aumentó el rechazo agudo, pero redujo la pérdida del injerto al menos a corto plazo. La dosis baja de CNI con regímenes de inducción redujo el rechazo agudo y la pérdida del injerto sin eventos adversos importantes, también a corto plazo. El uso de mTOR-I redujo las infecciones por CMV pero aumentó el riesgo de rechazo agudo. Estas conclusiones deben atenuarse por la falta de datos a largo plazo en la mayoría de los estudios, particularmente en lo que respecta al rechazo crónico mediado por anticuerpos, y la calidad metodológica subóptima de los estudios incluidos.
Esta revisión se centra en la evidencia limitada actual de la función del injerto y la supervivencia del injerto en varios regímenes inmunosupresores que implican el objetivo de mamíferos de los inhibidores de la rapamicina con o sin inhibidores de la calcineurina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluó la literatura actual para describir el papel del objetivo mamífero de los inhibidores de la rapamicina como una alternativa a los inhibidores de la calcineurina mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Crossref y Scopus usando términos de epígrafes médicos. RESULTADOS: Nuestros análisis detallados de toda la literatura pertinente mostraron el uso de un objetivo mamífero de regímenes de novo basados en inhibidores de rapamicina, la retirada temprana de inhibidores de calcineurina con la introducción subsiguiente de un objetivo mamífero de regímenes basados en inhibidores de rapamicina y la conversión tardía de un régimen basado en inhibidores de calcineurina A un objetivo mamífero de regímenes basados en inhibidores de rapamicina. En particular, la retirada temprana del inhibidor de la calcineurina con la introducción subsiguiente del objetivo mamífero del régimen basado en inhibidores de la rapamicina parecía ser un enfoque más práctico y realista hacia el tratamiento inmunosupresor de los receptores de trasplante renal. Sin embargo, en vista de la alta tasa de rechazo observada en estos estudios, es aconsejable no ofrecer estos regímenes a pacientes con riesgo inmunológico moderado a alto. CONCLUSIONES: Las presentes evidencias sugieren que el tratamiento con el objetivo mamífero de los inhibidores de la rapamicina permite una minimización precoz y sustancial del inhibidor de la calcineurina. Se prefiere el objetivo mamífero de los inhibidores de la rapamicina, el everolimus y el sirolimus, debido a sus mecanismos de acción complementarios y perfil de nefrotoxicidad favorable, que han abierto el camino para la reducción / retirada del inhibidor de la calcineurina en el período posterior al trasplante.
Fundamento: La enfermedad renal terminal es una disminución irreversible a largo plazo de la función renal que requiere terapia de reemplazo renal: trasplante de riñón, hemodiálisis o diálisis peritoneal. La opción preferida es el trasplante renal, seguido por terapia inmunosupresora (terapia de inducción y mantenimiento) para reducir el riesgo de rechazo renal y prolongar la supervivencia del injerto. OBJETIVOS: Revisar y actualizar la evidencia de la efectividad clínica y costo-efectividad del basiliximab (BAS) (Simulect®, Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd) y la inmunoglobulina de timocito antihumano de conejo (rATG) (Thymoglobulin®, Sanofi) Como terapia de inducción y tacrolimus de liberación inmediata (TAC) (Adopter®, Sandoz, Capexion®, Mylan, Modigraf®, Astellas Pharma, Perixis®, Accord Healthcare, Prograf®, Astellas Pharma Tacrol®, Teva, Vivadex®, Dexcel Pharma), tacrolimus de liberación prolongada (Advagraf® Astellas Pharma), belatacept (BEL) (Nulojix®, Bristol-Myers Squibb), micofenolato mofetil (MMF ) (Mycox®), Mycox (®), Mycox (®), Zentiva, Celltiva®, Roche Products, Myfenax®, Teva), micofenolato de sodio (MPS) , Pfizer) y everolimus (EVL) (Certican ®, Novartis) como terapia de mantenimiento en el trasplante renal de adultos. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron búsquedas clínicas de eficacia hasta el 18 de noviembre de 2014 en MEDLINE (vía Ovid), EMBASE (vía Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (vía Wiley Online Library) y Web of Science (vía ISI), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , Base de Datos de Resúmenes de Reseñas de Efectos y Evaluación de Tecnologías de la Salud (The Cochrane Library via Wiley Online Library) y Health Management Information Consortium (via Ovid). Las búsquedas de costo-efectividad se llevaron a cabo hasta el 18 de noviembre de 2014 utilizando un filtro de búsqueda económica o de costos en MEDLINE (vía Ovid), EMBASE (a través de Ovid), NHS Economic Evaluation Database (vía Wiley Online Library), Web of Science Health Economic Evaluations Database (a través de Wiley Online Library) y la bibliografía electrónica de la American Economic Association (vía EconLit, EBSCOhost). Los estudios incluidos se seleccionaron de acuerdo con métodos y criterios predefinidos. Se utilizó un modelo de efectos aleatorios para analizar los datos de eficacia clínica (odds ratios para datos binarios y diferencias de medias para datos continuos). Los metanálisis de la red se realizaron dentro de un marco bayesiano. Se desarrolló un nuevo modelo económico de transición de tiempo-estado discreto (semi-Markov), con rechazo agudo, función de injerto (GRF) y diabetes mellitus de nueva aparición utilizada para extrapolar la supervivencia del injerto. Se suponía que los receptores se encontraban en uno de tres estados de salud: funcionamiento del injerto, pérdida del injerto o muerte. Resultados: Se incluyeron 89 ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA), de calidad variable. Para la terapia de inducción, ningún tratamiento parecía más eficaz que otro en la reducción de la pérdida o la mortalidad del injerto. En comparación con placebo / no inducción, rATG y BAS parecía más eficaz en la reducción de la biopsia de prueba de rechazo agudo (BPAR) y BAS parecía más eficaz en la mejora de GRF. Para la terapia de mantenimiento, ningún tratamiento fue mejor para todos los resultados y ningún tratamiento parecía ser más eficaz para reducir la pérdida del injerto. BEL + MMF apareció más eficaz que TAC + MMF y SRL + MMF en la reducción de la mortalidad. MMF + CSA (ciclosporina), TAC + MMF, SRL + TAC, TAC + AZA (azatioprina) y EVL + CSA aparecieron más eficaces que CSA + AZA y EVL + MPS en la reducción de BPAR. SRL + AZA, TAC + AZA, TAC + MMF y BEL + MMF parecían mejorar GRF en comparación con CSA + AZA y MMF + CSA. En los análisis deterministas y probabilísticos del caso base se predijo que BAS, MMF y TAC serían rentables a £ 20,000 y £ 30,000 por año de vida ajustado a la calidad (QALY). Al comparar todos los regímenes, sólo BAS + TAC + MMF fue rentable a £ 20,000 y £ 30,000 por QALY. LIMITACIONES: Para los ensayos incluidos, hubo heterogeneidad metodológica sustancial, pocos ensayos informaron un seguimiento más allá de un año y no hubo datos suficientes para realizar el análisis de subgrupos. La interrupción del tratamiento y la conmutación no fueron modeladas. TRABAJOS FUTUROS: Se necesitan ECA de mayor calidad, mejor reportados y de más largo plazo. Idealmente, éstos estarían suficientemente potenciados para el análisis de subgrupos e incluirían la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud como resultado. CONCLUSIÓN: Sólo un régimen de inducción BAS seguido de mantenimiento con TAC y MMF es probable que sea rentable a £ 20,000-30,000 por QALY. REGISTRO DEL ESTUDIO: Este estudio está registrado como PROSPERO CRD42014013189. FINANCIAMIENTO: El Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud programa de Evaluación de Tecnologías de la Salud.
Background: BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), caused by infection with or reactivation of BK virus, remains a challenge in kidney transplantation. Screening is recommended for all kidney transplant recipients. For those with clinically significant infection, reduction of immunosuppression is the cornerstone of management. There is no specific antiviral or immunomodulatory therapy sufficiently effective for routine use. Objectives: This review aimed to examine the benefits and harms of interventions for BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 5 September 2024 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies investigating any intervention for the treatment or prevention of BKVAN for kidney transplant recipients. Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed the study quality and extracted data. Summary estimates of effect were obtained using a random-effects model, and results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) and 95% CI for continuous outcomes. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Main results: Twelve RCTs (2669 randomised participants) were included. Six studies were undertaken in single centres, and six were multicentre studies; two of these were international studies. The ages of those participating ranged from 44 to 57 years. The length of follow-up ranged from three months to five years. All studies included people with a kidney transplant, and three studies included people with signs of BK viraemia. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of the type of interventions and outcomes assessed. The overall risk of bias was low or unclear. Intensive screening for the early detection of BK viraemia or BK viruria prevents graft loss (1 study, 908 participants: RR 0.00, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.05) and decreases the presence of decoy cells and viraemia at 12 months (1 study, 908 participants: RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.11) compared to routine care (high certainty evidence). No other outcomes were reported. Compared to placebo, fluoroquinolones may slightly reduce the risk of graft loss (3 studies, 393 participants: RR 0.37, CI 0.09 to 1.57; I2 = 0%; low certainty evidence), probably makes little or no difference to donor-specific antibodies (DSA), may make little or no difference to BK viraemia and death, had uncertain effects on BKVAN and malignancy, but may increase the risk of tendonitis (2 studies, 193 participants: RR 5.66, CI 1.02 to 31.32; I2 = 0%; low certainty evidence). Compared to tacrolimus (TAC), cyclosporin (CSA) probably makes little or no difference to graft loss and death, may make little or no difference to BKVAN and malignancy, but probably decreases BK viraemia (2 studies, 263 participants: RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.41; I2 = 38%) and probably reduces the risk of new-onset diabetes after transplantation (1 study, 200 participants: RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.35) (both moderate certainty evidence). Compared to azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) probably makes little or no difference to graft loss and BK viraemia but probably reduces the risk of death (1 study, 133 participants: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.16) and malignancy (1 study, 199 participants: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.16) (both moderate certainty evidence). Compared to mycophenolate sodium (MPS), CSA has uncertain effects on graft loss and death, may make little or no difference to BK viraemia, but may reduce BKVAN (1 study, 224 participants: RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.20; low certainty evidence). Compared to immunosuppression dose reduction, MMF or TAC conversion to everolimus or sirolimus may make little or no difference to graft loss, BK viraemia or BKVAN (low certainty evidence). TAC conversion to sirolimus probably results in more people having a reduced BK viral load (< 600 copies/mL) than immunosuppression reduction (1 study, 30 participants: RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.89; moderate certainty evidence). Compared to MPS, everolimus had uncertain effects on graft loss and BK viraemia, may reduce BKVAN (1 study, 135 participants: 0.06, 95% CI 0.00 to 1.11) and may increase the risk of death (1 study, 135 participants: RR 3.71, 95% CI 0.20 to 67.35) (both low certainty evidence). Compared to CSA, everolimus may make little or no difference to BK viraemia, has uncertain effects on graft loss and BKVAN, but may increase the risk of death (1 study, 185 participants: RR 3.71, 95% CI 0.42 to 32.55; low certainty evidence). Compared to immunosuppression reduction, the leflunomide derivative FK778 may make little or no difference to graft loss, probably results in a greater reduction in plasma BK viral load (1 study, 44 participants: -0.60 copies/µL, 95% CI -1.22 to 0.02; moderate certainty evidence), but had uncertain effects on BKVAN and malignancy. Aggravated hypertension may be increased with KF778 (1 study, 46 participants: RR 8.23, 95% CI 0.50 to 135.40; low certainty evidence). There were no deaths in either group. Authors' conclusions: Intense monitoring early after transplantation for BK viruria and BK viraemia is effective in improving BK virus infection outcomes as it helps with early detection of the infection and allows for a timely reduction in immunosuppression reduction. There is insufficient evidence to support any other intervention for BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients.
