Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2003
Autores Cullinan P , Tarlo S , Nemery B
Revista The European respiratory journal

Sin referencias

Este artículo está incluido en 1 Síntesis amplia 0 Síntesis amplias (1 referencia)

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There is sufficient understanding of the causation of occupational asthma for preventive action to be appropriate. To date, attempts appear to have been largely unsuccessful and this appears to be largely due to nonscientific/technical obstacles. These include the fragmented nature of the disease, its low public and industrial profile, and its comparative rarity in single workplaces. Nonetheless the disease has high individual and societal costs. Prevention strategies should be concentrated on workplace-exposure controls, accompanied by intense educational and managerial improvements. Methods of secondary prevention appear to be successful but require considerable refinement. Screening (out) of potential new employees is inefficient and likely to remain so; and in any case is beset by difficult ethical and legal issues. There are only a handful of published studies reporting evaluations of preventive programmes. None is entirely rigorous but each suggests that primary and secondary prevention are both feasible and highly effective. The evaluation of preventive strategies is difficult, not only because of the low incidence of the disease in individual workplaces but also because of the failure of many epidemiologists to engage in this work. Considerably more cooperation between scientists in the field, regulatory authorities and industry is required.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2004
Revista Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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ANTECEDENTES:

La deficiencia de selenio puede ser importante en el asma crónica. Los estudios observacionales han demostrado que los pacientes con asma crónica pueden tener niveles de selenio inferiores a las de sus controles. No obstante, la administración de suplementos de selenio no ha sido recomendada como tratamiento farmacológico para el asma. Esta revisión examina de forma sistemática los ECA que evaluaron la administración de suplementos de selenio en el asma crónica.

OBJETIVOS:

El reconocimiento de que el asma crónica se puede asociar con una deficiencia de selenio llevó a la investigación del rol de la administración de suplementos de selenio para reducir los síntomas y la repercusión del asma crónica. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la eficacia de los suplementos de selenio como complemento en el tratamiento de los pacientes con asma crónica.

ESTRATEGIA DE BÚSQUEDA:

Se realizaron búsquedas en el registro de ensayos del Grupo Cochrane de Vías Respiratorias (Cochrane Airways Group trials register), MEDLINE/PUB MED y EMBASE. Las búsquedas se actualizaron hasta agosto de 2003.

CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN:

Ensayos aleatorios que comparan pacientes con asma crónica que recibieron suplementos de selenio junto con los fármacos para el asma, con pacientes que sólo recibieron fármacos para el asma.

RECOPILACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE DATOS:

DOS REVISORES APLICARON LOS CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN DEL ESTUDIO

RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES:

Se incluyó un ensayo con un total de 24 pacientes con asma crónica. El estudio informó una mejoría clínica significativa en el grupo que recibió suplementos de selenio, en comparación con el grupo de placebo, con respecto a la "evaluación clínica". Sin embargo, esta mejoría no se pudo validar debido a los cambios significativos en los parámetros objetivos separados de la función pulmonar y la hiperreactividad de las vías respiratorias.

CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES:

Existen indicios de que los suplementos de selenio pueden ser un complemento útil de los fármacos en los pacientes con asma crónica. Esta conclusión está limitada por la escasez de estudios y la ausencia de mejoría en los parámetros clínicos de la función pulmonar.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2003
Autores Ram FS , Holloway EA , Jones PW
Revista Respiratory medicine

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Breathing retraining is used increasingly throughout the world by many patients with asthma in addition to their usual medical care. We undertook a systematic review of the literature in order to determine the effectiveness of breathing retraining in the management of asthma. Six randomised-controlled trials were identified that involved breathing retraining in asthma. Due to the variation in reported trial outcomes, limited reporting of study data and small number of included trials it was not possible to draw any firm conclusions as to its effectiveness. However, outcomes that were reported from individual trials do show that breathing retraining may have a role in the treatment and management of asthma. Further large-scale trials using breathing retraining techniques in asthma are required to address this important issue.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2002
Autores Sheikh A , Alves B , Dhami S
Revista Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
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ANTECEDENTES:

La infección por Streptococcus pneumoniae es una causa importante de neumonía y otras enfermedades graves, en particular entre aquellas personas con ciertas afecciones de alto riesgo como el asma. Aunque habitualmente se recomienda la vacuna neumocócica para las personas con asma, existe incertidumbre con respecto a la base de las pruebas que fundamentan esta recomendación.

OBJETIVOS:

Determinar la eficacia de la vacuna neumocócica en la reducción de la mortalidad o la morbilidad por enfermedad neumocócica en asmáticos.

ESTRATEGIA DE BÚSQUEDA:

Los ensayos controlados aleatorios se identificaron en el registro del Grupo Cochrane de Vías Respiratorias (Cochrane Airways Group), derivado de las bases de datos electrónicas de MEDLINE, EMBASE y CINAHL, y de la búsqueda manual en revistas especializadas en vías respiratorias y en resúmenes de congresos.

CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN:

Ensayos controlados aleatorios, con o sin cegamiento, en los que la vacuna neumocócica se haya comparado con placebo o ningún tratamiento en personas con diagnóstico clínico de asma.

RECOPILACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE DATOS:

Dos revisores examinaron de forma independiente todos los resúmenes, y se recuperaron los trabajos completos de todos los artículos potencialmente relevantes. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante el enfoque Cochrane y la escala de calificación de Jadad. La extracción de los datos fue realizada por un revisor y verificada independientemente por un segundo revisor. Cuando fue posible, se planeó realizar análisis cuantitativos de los resultados en base al análisis por intención de tratar (intention-to-treat).

RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES:

De los tres trabajos recuperados, sólo uno cumplió con los criterios de inclusión, con una calidad metodológica baja (sin cegamiento y encubrimiento de la asignación inadecuado). Ninguno de los datos se pudo agregar en un metanálisis. Las comparaciones realizadas en un subgrupo de 30 niños asmáticos propensos a episodios recurrentes de otitis media indicaron que la vacunación neumocócica redujo la incidencia de exacerbaciones agudas de asma de 10 a 7 (por niño, por año).
Una búsqueda adicional realizada en agosto de 2003 no identificó estudios adicionales.

CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES:

Esta revisión halló pruebas muy limitadas para apoyar el uso rutinario de la vacuna neumocócica en las personas con asma. Se necesita un ensayo aleatorio que evalúe la eficacia de la vacuna en niños y adultos con asma.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2004
Revista Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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ANTECEDENTES:

Tradicionalmente, la acupuntura se ha utilizado para el tratamiento del asma en China y se utiliza cada vez más con este fin internacionalmente.

OBJETIVOS:

El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar los efectos de la acupuntura para el tratamiento del asma o síntomas similares al asma.

ESTRATEGIA DE BÚSQUEDA:

Se realizaron búsquedas en el registro de ensayos del Grupo Cochrane de Vías Respiratorias (Cochrane Airways Group) (agosto de 2003), en el registro de ensayos del Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, la Alternative Medicine Database (agosto de 2003) y en listas de referencias de artículos. También se estableció contacto con autores de ensayos e investigadores en el área de investigación médica complementaria y alternativa.

CRITERIOS DE SELECCIÓN:

Ensayos aleatorios y posiblemente aleatorios que utilizaron la acupuntura con agujas u otras formas de estimulación de acupuntura. Se consideró cualquier forma de tratamiento de control (ningún tratamiento además del tratamiento convencional del asma, intervenciones simuladas o con placebo, intervenciones de comparadores activos). Se incluyeron aquellos estudios que evaluaron el resultado al cabo de una semana o más.

RECOPILACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE DATOS:

Al menos dos revisores evaluaron independientemente la calidad del ensayo. Un revisor con experiencia en acupuntura evaluó la adecuación de las acupunturas activas y simuladas utilizadas en los estudios. Se estableció contacto con los autores del estudio para obtener información que faltaba.

RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES:

Once estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión con 324 participantes. La información de los ensayos fue deficiente y la calidad de los mismos se consideró inadecuada para generalizar los hallazgos. Hubo variación en el tipo de acupunturas activas y simuladas, los resultados medidos y los puntos temporales presentados. Los puntos utilizados en el brazo de acupuntura simulada de algunos estudios se utilizan para el tratamiento del asma según la medicina china tradicional. Dos estudios utilizaron estrategias de tratamiento personalizado y un estudio utilizó una estrategia combinada de acupuntura de fórmula con el agregado de puntos individualizados. No se encontraron efectos estadísticamente significativos o clínicamente relevantes para la acupuntura comparada con la acupuntura simulada. Se combinaron los datos de dos estudios pequeños para la función pulmonar (VEF postratamiento): diferencia de promedios estandarizados: 0,12; intervalo de confianza del 95%: - 0,31 a 0,55).

CONCLUSIONES DE LOS AUTORES:

No hay suficientes pruebas para hacer recomendaciones acerca del valor de la acupuntura en el tratamiento del asma. Las investigaciones adicionales deben considerar las complejidades y los diferentes tipos de acupuntura.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2012
Revista Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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BACKGROUND:

Previous reports have shown that ion content in the air may have an effect on respiratory function. Results from studies which test the efficacy of air ionisers to reduce asthma symptoms are often inconclusive and their use as a treatment for asthma remains debatable.

OBJECTIVES:

We conducted a systematic review of the available evidence to determine the effectiveness of positive and negative ion generators in people with asthma.

SEARCH METHODS:

We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) as well as the alternative medicine database AMED. Searches were current as of June 2012.

SELECTION CRITERIA:

Randomised controlled trials (parallel or crossover design studies) comparing ionisers with dummy ionisers (being negative or positive ion emitters), in children or adults with chronic asthma.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:

Two reviewers independently assessed titles and abstracts of studies and assessed trial quality. Study quality was determined using two methods:The Cochrane approach to allocation concealment and the five point Jadad scale.

MAIN RESULTS:

Six studies were selected for inclusion (106 participants). No results were combined as the studies were all of a crossover design.
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE ION GENERATORS (five studies)
No study reported a significant difference in lung function between ionised and control air (morning Peak expiratory flow (PEF) - three studies; forced expiratory flow in one second (FEV1) - one study). There were no significant differences in symptoms or beta-2 agonist usage between ionised and control air in three studies.
EFFECTS OF POSITIVE ION GENERATORS (one study)
This study demonstrated that although positively ionised air was associated with a larger fall in FEV1 with exercise, this did not reach statistical significance. Baseline FEV1 was not demonstrated to be significantly different between treatment groups.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the evidence currently available from randomised controlled trials, a recommendation cannot be given for the use of room air ionisers to reduce symptoms in patients with chronic asthma.

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Síntesis amplia / Revisión panorámica de revisiones sistemáticas

No clasificado

Año 2011
Autores Rodrigo G
Revista Clinical evidence

INTRODUCTION:

About 10% of adults have suffered an attack of asthma, and up to 5% of these have severe disease that responds poorly to treatment. Patients with severe disease have an increased risk of death, but patients with mild to moderate disease are also at risk of exacerbations. Most guidelines about the management of asthma follow stepwise protocols. This review does not endorse or follow any particular protocol, but presents the evidence about specific interventions.

METHODS AND OUTCOMES:

We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for acute asthma? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to April 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).

RESULTS:

We found 100 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: beta(2) agonists (plus ipratropium bromide, pressured metered-dose inhalers, short-acting continuous nebulised, short-acting intermittent nebulised, short-acting iv, and inhaled formoterol); corticosteroids (inhaled); corticosteroids (single oral, combined inhaled, and short courses); education about acute asthma; generalist care; helium-oxygen mixture (heliox); magnesium sulphate (iv and adding isotonic nebulised magnesium to inhaled beta(2) agonists); mechanical ventilation; oxygen supplementation (controlled 28% oxygen and controlled 100% oxygen); and specialist care.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 2015
Autores Shivashankar M. , Mani D.
Revista Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences

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Asthma, a reversible and curable disease. Mostly the prevalence of asthma in the developing countries are very high. eventhough governments and NGO's are spreading awareness among the people through stage shows and in canopy setups, still the awareness level is not up to the mark.this review article, clearly defines about the asthma and its trigger factors, types of asthma in a detailed manner. Diagnosis of asthma like physical examinations and lung function tests, route of administration plays a major role in asthma. The beneficial of inhalation is compared with the other routes. Treatment is widely distributed with some class of drug in asthma. Mainly (beta)2 agonists and inhaled corticosteroids are important. Some people practicing herbal medications all these are indicated in detail. GINA guidelines suggested regarding the step up and step down medications to be followed in asthma. In addition to this so many drug makers enrolled their presence in the market but still some companies are playing vital role in this sectors and mentioned in this article also.

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Estudio primario

No clasificado

Año 2002
Revista The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
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BACKGROUND:

Nocturnal symptoms of asthma are a cause of significant morbidity and are included as a central feature in the categorization of asthma severity.

OBJECTIVES:

Data from the Childhood Asthma Management Program were used to estimate the prevalence of nocturnal awakenings in 1041 children with mild-to-moderate asthma and to investigate the relationships between awakenings and peak flows, severity of asthma, and allergen sensitivity and exposure.

METHODS:

Daily diary care data were recorded during a 28-day interval in the Childhood Asthma Management Program screening process. The data on morning and evening peak flows, overall symptom codes, albuterol use for symptoms, and nocturnal awakenings for asthma symptoms were analyzed and compared with measures of personal characteristics, pulmonary function, and environmental characteristics of the patients.

RESULTS:

Three hundred fifty-one (33.7%) children experienced 1 or more night awakenings caused by asthma during the 28-day screening period while not taking any maintenance medications. Greater risk of night awakening was associated with more severe asthma (greater responsiveness to bronchodilator, airway reactivity to methacholine, peak flow variability, and use of albuterol for symptoms, all P <.0001) and atopy (increased IgE and allergy skin test reactivity, both P =.0002). Those with a positive skin test response to dog and a high level of dog allergen in the home had a greater risk of night awakening caused by asthma (P =.01), as did those with a positive skin test response to cat and a high level of cat allergen in the home (P =.04). Mean daily symptom code and use of albuterol for asthma symptoms increased in the 3 days immediately before a single awakening compared with in the 4 to 6 days before the awakening (P =.02 and P =.01, respectively); however, both morning and evening peak flows as a percentage of personal best were similar in both intervals. Mean daily symptom code and daily use of albuterol were greater in the 3 days after an awakening than in the 3 days before (P <.0001 and P =.0002, respectively). Mean evening peak flow percentage of personal best the day after an episode of awakening was lower when a second consecutive awakening occurred than when there was only a single awakening (P =.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Nocturnal awakening occurred in one third of the children with mild-to-moderate asthma during a month of relative stability and appears to be an indicator of asthma that is becoming increasingly severe.

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Revisión sistemática

No clasificado

Año 1994
Autores Bielory L , Gandhi R
Revista Annals of allergy
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OBJECTIVE:

To define what role vitamin C may or may not play in the treatment of asthma.

DATA SOURCES:

A comprehensive literature search of relevant English-language papers identified through a Medline search and from bibliographies of the identified papers.

STUDY SELECTION:

We identified papers and studies pertaining to vitamin C in asthma and allergy and analyzed these studies according to their design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, population studied, variables or factors tested, method of intervention or treatment with vitamin C, and results and conclusions. We reviewed our data and divided it based on significant or insignificant roles of vitamin C in asthma and allergy.

RESULTS:

From our review, we found a number of studies that support the use of vitamin C in asthma and allergy. Significant results include positive effects on pulmonary function tests, bronchoprovocation challenges with methacholine or histamine or allergens, improvement in white blood cell function and motility, and a decrease in respiratory infections. Our review also revealed several studies that did not support a beneficial role in vitamin C in asthma and allergy. These studies did not report improvements in pulmonary function tests or bronchoprovocation challenges. No benefit was noted in these studies when testing cutaneous reactivity or specific immunologic factors and levels.

CONCLUSIONS:

Clearly from our review, the role of vitamin C in asthma and allergy is not well defined. The majority of the studies were short term and assessed immediate effects of vitamin C supplementation. Long term supplementation with vitamin C or delayed effects need to be studied. Although, the current literature does not support a definite indication for the use of vitamin C in asthma and allergy, the promising and positive studies revive curiosity and interest. With a large portion of health care dollars being spent on alternative medicine and vitamin C in particular, further studies are needed to define its role.

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