BACKGROUND:

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common cardiovascular disease with significant mortality. Some patients with large PE are not eligible for current treatment options such as thrombolysis or surgical embolectomy. We report our experience of percutaneous rheolytic thrombectomy (PRT) using the AngioJet system combined with adjunctive local thrombolytic therapy and inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement to treat massive or submassive PE in patients ineligible for current treatment options.

METHODS AND RESULTS:

Of the 14 consecutive patients ineligible for thrombolysis or embolectomy treated with PRT, 10 patients had massive PE (6 patients were hypotensive and 4 patients had intractable hypoxemia) and 4 patients had submassive PE. Adjunctive local thrombolysis was performed in 5 patients. An IVC filter was placed in 11 patients. Angiographic success based on Miller score was achieved in 13 patients (92.9%). Procedure success was obtained in 12 patients (85.7%). Procedural mortality occurred in one patient who presented in cardiogenic shock (7.1%) and non-fatal hemoptysis occurred in 1 patient (7.1%). Total in-hospital mortality occurred in 3 patients (21.4%). On a mean follow-up of 9 months, all 11 survivors had noted significant improvement in symptoms without recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS:

Percutaneous rheolytic thrombectomy using the AngioJet may be a treatment option for patients with massive or submassive PE who may not be eligible for thrombolytic therapy or surgical embolectomy.

Although stroke units and systemic thrombolysis are effective, use of these two treatment methods is restricted because of a widespread lack of expertise. New telecommunication technologies can help to overcome the lack of emergency-provider support in neurologically underserved areas. The status of "telestroke" as the application of telemedicine for acute stroke is presently passing from feasibility to routine use. Teleneurological examination is reliable and systemic thrombolysis can be extended with telemedical consultation. Telestroke, however, offers even more potential in overall acute stroke management. On the one hand, it provides rapid access to specialised interventions through initiation of interhospital transfers, and on the other hand, it might lead to major improvements in basic on-site stroke therapy.

OBJECTIVES:

Using a prospective, randomized design, we tested our hypothesis that the augmentation of diastolic pressure by intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) would improve the late patency of the occluded coronary artery in patients with early failure of thrombolytic therapy.

BACKGROUND:

Rescue angioplasty is often performed in patients in whom thrombolysis has failed, although 30% to 60% of the infarct-related arteries that are closed early after thrombolytic therapy will open later with conservative therapy.

METHODS:

The study included 45 patients in whom thrombolysis had failed, despite treatment with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase 0.75 mg/kg body weight) delivered over 60 min within 12 h of the onset of symptoms. All patients underwent coronary angiography 60 min after initiation of thrombolytic therapy (baseline), and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 0, 1 or 2 flow was defined as failed thrombolysis. The patients were randomized to groups receiving IABP for 48 h (n = 23) or conservative therapy (n = 22, control subjects) at the end of cardiac catheterization. The late patency of the infarct-related artery, the primary end point of the study, was evaluated 3 weeks after myocardial infarction. Stenosis of the infarct-related artery was measured using a computer-assisted quantitative angiographic system in blinded manner. Data are expressed as mean value +/- SEM.

RESULTS:

There was no difference with regard to the baseline value for TIMI flow grade between the groups. However, 3 weeks after myocardial infarction, the patients treated with IABP had a significantly higher frequency of TIMI flow grade 3, lower residual percent stenosis and larger minimal lumen diameter of the infarct-related artery than did the control subjects (74% vs. 32%, p < 0.05; 42 +/- 5% vs. 68 +/- 6%, p < 0.01; and 1.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm, p < 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings suggest that in patients with early failure of thrombolytic therapy, IABP may improve late patency of the occluded coronary artery, probably due to augmented perfusion pressure.

The clinical usefulness of catheter fragmentation and aspiration therapy was studied in 8 patients with acute pulmonary embolism who received thrombolytic therapy using urokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) (thrombolysis group) and 8 patients who underwent catheter fragmentation and aspiration therapy using a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) guide catheter (catheter group). The patients were selected from 20 patients with a definite diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism based on pulmonary arteriography and nuclear imaging. Urokinase (48 x 10(4) to 96 x 10(4) unit/day) or t-PA (12 x 10(6) unit/day) was administered intravenously for mean 4 days in the thrombolysis group. Pulmonary artery pressure was first measured using a Swan-Ganz catheter via the jugular vein or the femoral vein in the catheter group. Then, a PTCA guide catheter was advanced into the pulmonary artery, and the thrombus was disrupted repeatedly using a Radifocus wire, followed by manual aspiration. Subsequent treatment consisted of intravenous infusion of heparin (10,000 to 15,000 unit/day) and urokinase (24 x 10(4) to 48 x 10(4) unit/day) for mean 6 days. Partial revascularization was achieved in all patients in both groups. Five patients in the thrombolysis group died within 1 month due to respiratory failure, re-embolization, and/or hemorrhagic complications. One patient in the catheter group died of hemorrhagic shock. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure in the catheter group was significantly reduced from 47.4 to 26.5 mmHg (p < 0.01). Catheter treatment of acute pulmonary embolism associated with acute circulatory failure such as shock can lead to rapid hemodynamic improvement. In contrast, thrombolysis is an effective treatment, but bleeding problems are common and caution is required. Catheter fragmentation and aspiration therapy is effective for acute pulmonary embolism, is minimally invasive, and should be considered the treatment of first choice.

Despite the importance of early thrombolysis in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, unacceptable delays in drug administration still occur in hospital. From March 1989 we decided to monitor our performance, and thereby to reduce avoidable in-hospital delay to a minimum. Potential candidates for thrombolytic therapy were identified by paramedic ambulancemen whenever this was feasible. Rapid check-lists were used for inclusion and exclusion criteria in the Accident and Emergency Department. A target of 15 min was set for time to treatment, and reasons for any gross deviation (greater than 30 min) were explored in each instance. As a result of these strategies, we achieved a median time from admission to initiation of thrombolysis in 50 consecutive patients of 17 min. The 39 patients treated with injections of APSAC as opposed to infusions of streptokinase had a median in-hospital delay to treatment of only 13 min.

STUDY OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of mechanical fragmentation of acute massive pulmonary emboli with a rotatable pigtail catheter.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Ten patients (4 female, 6 male, age 53.8+/-9.5 years) with acute massive pulmonary embolism with hemodynamic impairment were included in the study. The fragmentation catheter device (William Cook Europe A/S; Bjaerverskov, Denmark) consisted of a 5F catheter embedded in a flexible 5.5F sheath. Pulmonary emboli were fragmented by mechanical action of the recoiled rotating pigtail, while the guide wire was exiting an oval side hole proximal to the pigtail tip. In eight cases, an additional thrombolysis was performed.

RESULTS:

Fragmentation was successful in 7 of 10 patients. Average percentage of recanalization by fragmentation was 29.2+/-14.0%, and 36.0+/-10.0% exclusively of the seven successful cases. Average shock index decreased significantly prefragmentation to postfragmentation from 1.52 to 1.22 (p = 0.03) and to 0.81 48 h later (p < 0.001). Decrease of the average mean arterial pulmonary pressure prefragmentation to postfragmentation was insignificant (from 33 to 31 mm Hg, p = 0.14); further decrease within the 48 h follow-up was highly significant (from 31 to 21 mm Hg, p < 0.001) due to a synergy of fragmentation and thrombolysis (average dose 63+/-25 mg plasminogen activator). There were no procedure-related complications. Overall mortality rate was 20%.

CONCLUSION:

Fragmentation of massive pulmonary emboli with the pigtail rotation catheter achieved rapid partial recanalization in most cases, with ease of instrumentation, and without complications. Hemodynamic stabilization was completed in synergy with thrombolysis.

AIMS:

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has become the treatment of choice in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) over the recent years. A number of studies have demonstrated a morbidity and mortality benefit over thrombolysis, which has been attributed to better coronary perfusion in patients undergoing PPCI. However although PPCI usually achieves normal flow in the affected epicardial vessel, myocardial reperfusion is not fully restored in a significant percentage of patients. This is commonly the result of distal thrombus embolization with subsequent impairment of myocardial microcirculation. Recognition of this has led to the development of a number of devices with different mechanisms of action that aim to reduce such distal embolization and therefore improve end myocardial perfusion. Recent studies indeed demonstrate that the use of such devices offer additional clinical advantage in patients undergoing PPCI compared to the current practice. This report focuses on thrombectomy devices and reviews the evidence that advocates their routine use in PPCI patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS:

We have performed a systematic review of currently available thrombectomy devices. We also performed a literature search, using the terms "thrombectomy" and "thrombus aspiration" in PubMed and EMBASE. Thrombectomy devices were divided in "manual" and "non-manual" groups. We performed a meta-analysis of the available randomized control trials that compared adjunctive thrombectomy in PPCI to standard PPCI. The use of manual thrombectomy devices is associated with significant improvements in ST-segment resolution (STR) (p<0.00001), Myocardial Blush Grade (MBG) 3 (p<0.00001), Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 flow (p=0.01) as well as clinical parameters (43% reduction in mortality, p=0.04) in patients undergoing PPCI.

CONCLUSION:

Current evidence advocates the routine use of manual thrombectomy devices in PPCI. Non-manual (mechanical) thrombectomy may have a role in selected PPCI patients with large caliber vessels and heavy thrombus burden although their routine use is not presently supported.

It has been reported that endothelin-1 (ET-1) increases in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Experimental studies showed that captopril administration reduces ET-1 secretion. In addition, it was reported that the increased ET-1 levels are a negative prognostic index. The study sought to verify whether captopril can reduce plasma ET levels in the acute and subacute phases of reperfused anterior AMI. Forty-five patients, hospitalized for suspected anterior AMI within 4 h from the onset of symptoms, suitable for thrombolysis (first episode), Killip class I-2, were randomized (double blind) into two groups: group A (23; seven women/16 men) received captopril (as first dose) 2-4 h after starting thrombolysis (the dose was then increased up to 25 mg every 8 h). Group B (22; five women/17 men) received placebo after thrombolysis. All the patients met the reperfusion criteria. The two groups were similar with regard to age, sex, CK peak, ejection fraction, end-systolic volume and risk factors. Plasma ET levels were measured at entry, and 2, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after starting thrombolysis. Mean concentrations of ET +/- SD.: Group A basal, 1.50 +/- 0.67; at 2h, 2.31 +/- 1.24; 12 h, 1.84 +/- 1.45; 24 h, 1.30 +/- 0.72; 48 h, o.95 +/- 0.50; 72 h, 0.60 +/- 0.15 fmol/ml; p < 0.001. Group B basal, 1.58 +/- 0.83; at 2 h, 2.38 +/- 1.35; 12 h, 2.33 +/- 1.71; 24 h, 1.80 +/- 1.41; 48h, 1.46 +/- 0.88; 72 h, 0.93 +/- 0.44 fmol/ml; p < 0.001. Difference between the two groups was significant at the beginning of the test (between 2 and 12 h, p[=]0.002). After that, the values of the plasma endothelin decreased in parallel, p < 0.001. Our data suggest that captopril affects plasma ET levels in the acute and subacute phases of AMI. Moreover, these results provide additional evidence for a beneficial effect of early captopril treatment.

OBJECTIVE:

Current management of acute stroke is characterised by an aggressive approach including specific therapy i. e. reperfusion therapy. However currently stroke patients often arrive too late in hospitals offering adequate treatment. Therefore optimized logistics play a predominant role in modern stroke management.

AIMS OF THE STUDY:

1. Does teaching of EMS staff and the public result in reduced prehospital latencies 2. Will EMS personnel be able to effectively screen patients potentially suitable for thrombolysis?

METHODS:

During a six week-period all EMS patients presenting with possible signs of an acute stroke were prospectively registered (period 1). Data of interest were age, mode of primary contact, prehospital latencies, mode of transportation, destination and final diagnosis. Next an algorithm was established allowing EMS personnel to transfer patients with an assumed stroke to the best suitable hospital. Teaching comprised clinical signs, indication of CT scanning, pathophysiology, specific therapeutic options (thrombolysis), and criteria to identify patients suitable for thrombolysis. In a second step the public was continuously taught about stroke symptoms and the necessity to instantly seek EMS assistance. After 12 months data were compared to baseline (period 2).

RESULTS:

(period 2 vs. Period 1): Rate of patients transferred to a stroke center: 60 % vs. 54 %; rate of those transported to hospitals not offering CT scans: 17 % vs. 26 % (p < 0.05). Percentage of patients primarily contacting the EMS system: 33 % vs. 24 %. Median interval between onset of symptoms and emergency call: 54 vs. 263 minutes Median interval between the emergency call and arrival at the emergency department: 44 vs. 58 minutes (p < 0.01). Rate of patients admitted with a diagnosis other than stroke: 18 % vs. 25 % (n. s.). Median interval between onset of symptoms and hospital admission: 140 vs. 368 minutes (p < 0.001). Median age: 69 vs. 75 years (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION:

This study demonstrates the efficacy of educational efforts in reducing latencies and in screening patients potentially suitable for thrombolysis. Future efforts will comprise more intense education of a high risk subpopulation.

BACKGROUND:

Studies showed that endothelin-1 (ET-1) was increased in the acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Experimental studies reported that captopril was able to reduce ET-1 secretion. In addition increased levels of ET-1 were reported as a negative prognostic index. The study was aimed to verify whether captopril was able to reduce plasma ET-1 levels in the acute and subacute phases of AMI.

METHODS:

Forty five patients, hospitalized for suspected anterior AMI within 4 h since the onset of symptoms, suitable for thrombolysis (first episode), in Killip class 1-2, were randomized (double blind) into two groups: Group A (23 patients, pts), 7 females and 16 males, received captopril 6.25 mg orally (as first dose) 2-4 h after starting thrombolysis, and the doses of captopril were successively increased up to 25 mg every 8 h. Group B: (22 pts), 5 females and 17 males, received placebo after thrombolysis. All the patients met the reperfusion criteria.

RESULTS:

The two groups were similar for age, sex, CK peak, ejection fraction, end systolic volume and risk factors. Plasma ET levels were checked on admission, and 2, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, after starting thrombolysis. Mean concentrations of ET +/- SD.: Group A: basal 1.50 +/- 0.67, at 2 h 2.31 +/- 1.24, 12 h 1.84 +/- 1.45, 24 h 1.30 +/- 0.72, 48 h 0.95 +/- 0.50, 72 h 0.60 +/- 0.15 fmol/ml (p < 0.001). Group B: basal 1.58 +/- 0.83, at 2 h 2.38 +/- 1.35, 12 h 2.33 +/- 1.71, 24 h 1.80 +/- 1.41, 48 h 1.46 +/- 0.88, 72 h 0.93 +/- 0.44 fmol/ml (p < 0.001). Difference between the two groups was significant at 48 h (p < 0.05), and 72 h (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our data suggest that captopril affects plasma endothelin levels in the acute and subacute phases of AMI. In addition, our results seem to be an additional support to the beneficial effects of early captopril treatment in patients with AMI.